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Premium member Presentation Transcript Operating System Overview : 1 Operating System Overview Operating System : 2 Operating System A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware Operating System Objectives : 3 Operating System Objectives Convenience Makes the computer more convenient to use Efficiency Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner Ability to evolve Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service Layers of Computer System : 4 Layers of Computer System Services Provided by the Operating System : 5 Services Provided by the Operating System Program development Editors and debuggers Program execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access Services Provided by the Operating System : 6 Services Provided by the Operating System Error detection and response Internal and external hardware errors Memory error Device failure Software errors Arithmetic overflow Access forbidden memory locations Operating system cannot grant request of application Services Provided by the Operating System : 7 Services Provided by the Operating System Accounting Collect usage statistics Monitor performance Used to anticipate future enhancements Used for billing purposes Operating System : 8 Operating System Responsible for managing resources Functions same way as ordinary computer software It is program that is executed Operating system relinquishes control of the processor Slide 9: 9 Kernel : 10 Kernel Portion of operating system that is in main memory Contains most frequently used functions Also called the nucleus Evolution of an Operating System : 11 Evolution of an Operating System Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware New services Fixes Evolution of Operating Systems : 12 Evolution of Operating Systems Serial Processing No operating system Machines run from a console with display lights, toggle switches, input device, and printer Schedule time Setup included loading the compiler, source program, saving compiled program, and loading and linking Evolution of Operating Systems : 13 Evolution of Operating Systems Simple Batch Systems Monitors Software that controls the sequence of events Batch jobs together Program branches back to monitor when finished Job Control Language (JCL) : 14 Job Control Language (JCL) Special type of programming language Provides instruction to the monitor What compiler to use What data to use Hardware Features : 15 Hardware Features Memory protection Do not allow the memory area containing the monitor to be altered Timer Prevents a job from monopolizing the system Hardware Features : 16 Hardware Features Privileged instructions Certain machine level instructions can only be executed by the monitor Interrupts Early computer models did not have this capability Memory Protection : 17 Memory Protection User program executes in user mode Certain instructions may not be executed Monitor executes in system mode Kernel mode Privileged instructions are executed Protected areas of memory may be accessed I/O Devices Slow : 18 I/O Devices Slow Uniprogramming : 19 Uniprogramming Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete before preceding Multiprogramming : 20 Multiprogramming When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch to the other job Multiprogramming : 21 Multiprogramming Utilization Histograms : 22 Utilization Histograms Example : 23 Example Time Sharing : 24 Time Sharing Using multiprogramming to handle multiple interactive jobs Processor’s time is shared among multiple users Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) : 25 Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) First time-sharing system developed at MIT Major Achievements : 26 Major Achievements Processes Memory Management Information protection and security Scheduling and resource management System structure Processes : 27 Processes A program in execution An instance of a program running on a computer The entity that can be assigned to and executed on a processor A unit of activity characterized by a single sequential thread of execution, a current state, and an associated set of system resources Difficulties with Designing System Software : 28 Difficulties with Designing System Software Improper synchronization Ensure a process waiting for an I/O device receives the signal Failed mutual exclusion Nondeterminate program operation Program should only depend on input to it, not on the activities of other programs Deadlocks Process : 29 Process Consists of three components An executable program Associated data needed by the program Execution context of the program All information the operating system needs to manage the process Process : 30 Process Memory Management : 31 Memory Management Process isolation Automatic allocation and management Support of modular programming Protection and access control Long-term storage Virtual Memory : 32 Virtual Memory Allows programmers to address memory from a logical point of view No hiatus between the execution of successive processes while one process was written out to secondary store and the successor proceess was read in Virtual Memory and File System : 33 Virtual Memory and File System Implements long-term store Information stored in named objects called files Paging : 34 Paging Allows process to be comprised of a number of fixed-size blocks, called pages Virtual address is a page number and an offset within the page Each page may be located any where in main memory Real address or physical address in main memory Virtual Memory : 35 Virtual Memory Virtual Memory Addressing : 36 Virtual Memory Addressing Information Protection and Security : 37 Information Protection and Security Availability Concerned with protecting the system against interruption Confidentiality Assuring that users cannot read data for which access is unauthorized Information Protection and Security : 38 Information Protection and Security Data integrity Protection of data from unauthorized modification Authenticity Concerned with the proper verification of the identity of users and the validity of messages or data Scheduling and Resource Management : 39 Scheduling and Resource Management Fairness Give equal and fair access to resources Differential responsiveness Discriminate among different classes of jobs Efficiency Maximize throughput, minimize response time, and accommodate as many uses as possible Key Elements ofOperating System : 40 Key Elements ofOperating System System Structure : 41 System Structure View the system as a series of levels Each level performs a related subset of functions Each level relies on the next lower level to perform more primitive functions This decomposes a problem into a number of more manageable subproblems Process Hardware Levels : 42 Process Hardware Levels Level 1 Electronic circuits Objects are registers, memory cells, and logic gates Operations are clearing a register or reading a memory location Level 2 Processor’s instruction set Operations such as add, subtract, load, and store Process Hardware Levels : 43 Process Hardware Levels Level 3 Adds the concept of a procedure or subroutine, plus call/return operations Level 4 Interrupts Concepts with Multiprogramming : 44 Concepts with Multiprogramming Level 5 Process as a program in execution Suspend and resume processes Level 6 Secondary storage devices Transfer of blocks of data Level 7 Creates logical address space for processes Organizes virtual address space into blocks Deal with External Objects : 45 Deal with External Objects Level 8 Communication of information and messages between processes Level 9 Supports long-term storage of named files Level 10 Provides access to external devices using standardized interfaces Deal with External Objects : 46 Deal with External Objects Level 11 Responsible for maintaining the association between the external and internal identifiers Level 12 Provides full-featured facility for the support of processes Level 13 Provides an interface to the operating system for the user Modern Operating Systems : 47 Modern Operating Systems Microkernel architecture Assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel Address spaces Interprocess communication (IPC) Basic scheduling Modern Operating Systems : 48 Modern Operating Systems Multithreading Process is divided into threads that can run concurrently Thread Dispatchable unit of work executes sequentially and is interruptable Process is a collection of one or more threads Modern Operating Systems : 49 Modern Operating Systems Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) There are multiple processors These processors share same main memory and I/O facilities All processors can perform the same functions Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing : 50 Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing Modern Operating Systems : 51 Modern Operating Systems Distributed operating systems Provides the illusion of a single main memory space and single secondary memory space Modern Operating Systems : 52 Modern Operating Systems Object-oriented design Used for adding modular extensions to a small kernel Enables programmers to customize an operating system without disrupting system integrity Windows Architecture : 53 Windows Architecture Modular structure for flexibility Executes on a variety of hardware platforms Supports application written for other operating system Slide 54: 54 Operating System Organization : 55 Operating System Organization Modified microkernel architecture Not a pure microkernel Many system functions outside of the microkernel run in kernel mode Any module can be removed, upgraded, or replaced without rewriting the entire system Kernel-Mode Components : 56 Kernel-Mode Components Executive Contains base operating system services Memory management Process and thread management Security I/O Interprocess communication Kernel Consists of the most used components Kernel-Mode Components : 57 Kernel-Mode Components Hardware abstraction layer (HAL) Isolates the operating system from platform-specific hardware differences Device drivers Translate user I/O function calls into specific hardware device I/O requests Windowing and graphics systems Implements the graphical user interface (GUI) Windows Executive : 58 Windows Executive I/O manager Cache manager Object manager Plug and play manager Power manager Security reference monitor Virtual memory manager Process/thread manager Configuration manager Local procedure call (LPC) facility User-Mode Processes : 59 User-Mode Processes Special system support processes Ex: logon process and the session manager Service processes Environment subsystems User applications Client/Server Model : 60 Client/Server Model Simplifies the Executive Possible to construct a variety of APIs Improves reliability Each service runs on a separate process with its own partition of memory Clients cannot not directly access hardware Provides a uniform means for applications to communicate via LPC Provides base for distributed computing Threads and SMP : 61 Threads and SMP Operating system routines can run on any available processor Different routines can execute simultaneously on different processors Multiple threads of execution within a single process may execute on different processors simultaneously Server processes may use multiple threads Share data and resources between process Windows Objects : 62 Windows Objects Encapsulation Object consists of one or more data items and one or more procedures Object class or instance Create specified instances of an object Inheritance Support to some extent in the Executive Polymorphism UNIX : 63 UNIX Hardware is surrounded by the operating system software Operating system is called the system kernel Comes with a number of user services and interfaces Shell Components of the C compiler UNIX : 64 UNIX UNIX Kernel : 65 UNIX Kernel Modern UNIX Kernel : 66 Modern UNIX Kernel Modern UNIX Systems : 67 Modern UNIX Systems System V Release 4 (SVR4) Solaris 9 4.4BSD Linux You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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OS ppt gopal.prem Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Copy Does not support media & animations WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 906 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: September 04, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Operating System Overview : 1 Operating System Overview Operating System : 2 Operating System A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware Operating System Objectives : 3 Operating System Objectives Convenience Makes the computer more convenient to use Efficiency Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner Ability to evolve Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service Layers of Computer System : 4 Layers of Computer System Services Provided by the Operating System : 5 Services Provided by the Operating System Program development Editors and debuggers Program execution Access to I/O devices Controlled access to files System access Services Provided by the Operating System : 6 Services Provided by the Operating System Error detection and response Internal and external hardware errors Memory error Device failure Software errors Arithmetic overflow Access forbidden memory locations Operating system cannot grant request of application Services Provided by the Operating System : 7 Services Provided by the Operating System Accounting Collect usage statistics Monitor performance Used to anticipate future enhancements Used for billing purposes Operating System : 8 Operating System Responsible for managing resources Functions same way as ordinary computer software It is program that is executed Operating system relinquishes control of the processor Slide 9: 9 Kernel : 10 Kernel Portion of operating system that is in main memory Contains most frequently used functions Also called the nucleus Evolution of an Operating System : 11 Evolution of an Operating System Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware New services Fixes Evolution of Operating Systems : 12 Evolution of Operating Systems Serial Processing No operating system Machines run from a console with display lights, toggle switches, input device, and printer Schedule time Setup included loading the compiler, source program, saving compiled program, and loading and linking Evolution of Operating Systems : 13 Evolution of Operating Systems Simple Batch Systems Monitors Software that controls the sequence of events Batch jobs together Program branches back to monitor when finished Job Control Language (JCL) : 14 Job Control Language (JCL) Special type of programming language Provides instruction to the monitor What compiler to use What data to use Hardware Features : 15 Hardware Features Memory protection Do not allow the memory area containing the monitor to be altered Timer Prevents a job from monopolizing the system Hardware Features : 16 Hardware Features Privileged instructions Certain machine level instructions can only be executed by the monitor Interrupts Early computer models did not have this capability Memory Protection : 17 Memory Protection User program executes in user mode Certain instructions may not be executed Monitor executes in system mode Kernel mode Privileged instructions are executed Protected areas of memory may be accessed I/O Devices Slow : 18 I/O Devices Slow Uniprogramming : 19 Uniprogramming Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete before preceding Multiprogramming : 20 Multiprogramming When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch to the other job Multiprogramming : 21 Multiprogramming Utilization Histograms : 22 Utilization Histograms Example : 23 Example Time Sharing : 24 Time Sharing Using multiprogramming to handle multiple interactive jobs Processor’s time is shared among multiple users Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) : 25 Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) First time-sharing system developed at MIT Major Achievements : 26 Major Achievements Processes Memory Management Information protection and security Scheduling and resource management System structure Processes : 27 Processes A program in execution An instance of a program running on a computer The entity that can be assigned to and executed on a processor A unit of activity characterized by a single sequential thread of execution, a current state, and an associated set of system resources Difficulties with Designing System Software : 28 Difficulties with Designing System Software Improper synchronization Ensure a process waiting for an I/O device receives the signal Failed mutual exclusion Nondeterminate program operation Program should only depend on input to it, not on the activities of other programs Deadlocks Process : 29 Process Consists of three components An executable program Associated data needed by the program Execution context of the program All information the operating system needs to manage the process Process : 30 Process Memory Management : 31 Memory Management Process isolation Automatic allocation and management Support of modular programming Protection and access control Long-term storage Virtual Memory : 32 Virtual Memory Allows programmers to address memory from a logical point of view No hiatus between the execution of successive processes while one process was written out to secondary store and the successor proceess was read in Virtual Memory and File System : 33 Virtual Memory and File System Implements long-term store Information stored in named objects called files Paging : 34 Paging Allows process to be comprised of a number of fixed-size blocks, called pages Virtual address is a page number and an offset within the page Each page may be located any where in main memory Real address or physical address in main memory Virtual Memory : 35 Virtual Memory Virtual Memory Addressing : 36 Virtual Memory Addressing Information Protection and Security : 37 Information Protection and Security Availability Concerned with protecting the system against interruption Confidentiality Assuring that users cannot read data for which access is unauthorized Information Protection and Security : 38 Information Protection and Security Data integrity Protection of data from unauthorized modification Authenticity Concerned with the proper verification of the identity of users and the validity of messages or data Scheduling and Resource Management : 39 Scheduling and Resource Management Fairness Give equal and fair access to resources Differential responsiveness Discriminate among different classes of jobs Efficiency Maximize throughput, minimize response time, and accommodate as many uses as possible Key Elements ofOperating System : 40 Key Elements ofOperating System System Structure : 41 System Structure View the system as a series of levels Each level performs a related subset of functions Each level relies on the next lower level to perform more primitive functions This decomposes a problem into a number of more manageable subproblems Process Hardware Levels : 42 Process Hardware Levels Level 1 Electronic circuits Objects are registers, memory cells, and logic gates Operations are clearing a register or reading a memory location Level 2 Processor’s instruction set Operations such as add, subtract, load, and store Process Hardware Levels : 43 Process Hardware Levels Level 3 Adds the concept of a procedure or subroutine, plus call/return operations Level 4 Interrupts Concepts with Multiprogramming : 44 Concepts with Multiprogramming Level 5 Process as a program in execution Suspend and resume processes Level 6 Secondary storage devices Transfer of blocks of data Level 7 Creates logical address space for processes Organizes virtual address space into blocks Deal with External Objects : 45 Deal with External Objects Level 8 Communication of information and messages between processes Level 9 Supports long-term storage of named files Level 10 Provides access to external devices using standardized interfaces Deal with External Objects : 46 Deal with External Objects Level 11 Responsible for maintaining the association between the external and internal identifiers Level 12 Provides full-featured facility for the support of processes Level 13 Provides an interface to the operating system for the user Modern Operating Systems : 47 Modern Operating Systems Microkernel architecture Assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel Address spaces Interprocess communication (IPC) Basic scheduling Modern Operating Systems : 48 Modern Operating Systems Multithreading Process is divided into threads that can run concurrently Thread Dispatchable unit of work executes sequentially and is interruptable Process is a collection of one or more threads Modern Operating Systems : 49 Modern Operating Systems Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) There are multiple processors These processors share same main memory and I/O facilities All processors can perform the same functions Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing : 50 Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing Modern Operating Systems : 51 Modern Operating Systems Distributed operating systems Provides the illusion of a single main memory space and single secondary memory space Modern Operating Systems : 52 Modern Operating Systems Object-oriented design Used for adding modular extensions to a small kernel Enables programmers to customize an operating system without disrupting system integrity Windows Architecture : 53 Windows Architecture Modular structure for flexibility Executes on a variety of hardware platforms Supports application written for other operating system Slide 54: 54 Operating System Organization : 55 Operating System Organization Modified microkernel architecture Not a pure microkernel Many system functions outside of the microkernel run in kernel mode Any module can be removed, upgraded, or replaced without rewriting the entire system Kernel-Mode Components : 56 Kernel-Mode Components Executive Contains base operating system services Memory management Process and thread management Security I/O Interprocess communication Kernel Consists of the most used components Kernel-Mode Components : 57 Kernel-Mode Components Hardware abstraction layer (HAL) Isolates the operating system from platform-specific hardware differences Device drivers Translate user I/O function calls into specific hardware device I/O requests Windowing and graphics systems Implements the graphical user interface (GUI) Windows Executive : 58 Windows Executive I/O manager Cache manager Object manager Plug and play manager Power manager Security reference monitor Virtual memory manager Process/thread manager Configuration manager Local procedure call (LPC) facility User-Mode Processes : 59 User-Mode Processes Special system support processes Ex: logon process and the session manager Service processes Environment subsystems User applications Client/Server Model : 60 Client/Server Model Simplifies the Executive Possible to construct a variety of APIs Improves reliability Each service runs on a separate process with its own partition of memory Clients cannot not directly access hardware Provides a uniform means for applications to communicate via LPC Provides base for distributed computing Threads and SMP : 61 Threads and SMP Operating system routines can run on any available processor Different routines can execute simultaneously on different processors Multiple threads of execution within a single process may execute on different processors simultaneously Server processes may use multiple threads Share data and resources between process Windows Objects : 62 Windows Objects Encapsulation Object consists of one or more data items and one or more procedures Object class or instance Create specified instances of an object Inheritance Support to some extent in the Executive Polymorphism UNIX : 63 UNIX Hardware is surrounded by the operating system software Operating system is called the system kernel Comes with a number of user services and interfaces Shell Components of the C compiler UNIX : 64 UNIX UNIX Kernel : 65 UNIX Kernel Modern UNIX Kernel : 66 Modern UNIX Kernel Modern UNIX Systems : 67 Modern UNIX Systems System V Release 4 (SVR4) Solaris 9 4.4BSD Linux