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WATER MANAGEMENT : 

WATER MANAGEMENT Gomez, Nathalie Balbontin, Jaimee Pan, Alfe Ortaleza, Maricel Pangilinan, Jerson

Water Filtration and Treatment History : 

Water Filtration and Treatment History The history of water filtration is indelibly tied to the history of water, itself. As human industry has grown and water has become more contaminated, water filtration has emerged over the centuries in response to the growing recognition of the need for pure, clean water to drink and the realization that such water does not occur naturally. modern times, concerns over water quality remain supreme. Over the years, scientists have discovered more and more contaminants in fresh water sources, and these same scientists have noted a strong correlation between drinking water contamination and many significant health problems. Water filtration has proven as one of the more viable and prominent of treatment technologies.

Early Methods of Water Treatment : 

Early Methods of Water Treatment The earliest filtration methods ranged from boiling or placing hot metal instruments in water before drinking it to filtering that water through crude sand or charcoal filters. Hippocrates, the famed father of medicine, designed his own crude water filter to "purify" the water he used for his patients. Later known as the "Hippocratic sleeve," this filter was a cloth bag through which it could be poured after being boiled. The cloth would trap any sentiments that were causing bad taste or smell.

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the first record of experimentation in filtering came from Sir Francis Bacon in 1627 - Hearing rumors that seawater could be purified and cleansed for drinking purposes, he began experimenting in the desalination of seawater.

A Great Discovery in Water Filtration History : 

A Great Discovery in Water Filtration History The Renaissance period marked the invention of the microscope, a scientific innovation that greatly affected the history of filters. This greatly advanced study of purity and filter technology. Scientists were now able to view tiny material particles in liquid that had been presumed to be clean. In middle 19th century London, city officials began to link the spread of cholera to poor drinking water quality. In areas where sand water filters had been installed, the outbreak of cholera had greatly decreased. In 1804, the first citywide municipal treatment plant was installed in Paisley, Scotland. This plant would provide a filtered supply to every household within the city limits. The Scottish treatment plant depended upon sand filters.

Chlorine, the EPA and the Clean Water Act : 

Chlorine, the EPA and the Clean Water Act Chlorine was first recognized as a valuable chemical when John Snow used it to purify the cholera contamination in London.

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As the 20th century progressed, more and more metropolitan areas in the world found it necessary to install treatment plants. Multiple environmental acts passed through Congress in rapid succession, including the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the passage of the Clean-Water-Act of 1972.

Privatization of MWSS (Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Systems) : 

Privatization of MWSS (Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage Systems) After almost 3 years in preparation, the operational and investment functions of MWSS in water and sewerage services have been privatized through an international bidding. Two (2) water and sanitation concessions were created with the signing of Concession Agreements (CA) by and between the Government with

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The plan to privatize MWSS emerged from the inability of the public utility MWSS to expand coverage to the growing population. By 1996, MWSS only provided water supply for on average 16 hours each day to two thirds of its coverage population. According to the Asian Development Bank, the share of non-revenue water (NRW), water which is not billed e.g. due to leakage and illegal connections was more than 60%, an extremely high percentage even compared to developing countries and much higher than in Seoul (35%), Kuala Lumpur (36%) and Bangkok (38%). Water privatization in the Philippines was initiated by the government of Fidel V. Ramos through the privatization of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) for Metro Manila.

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In 1995 - the Water Crisis Act was passed, providing the legal framework for the privatization of MWSS. In 1997 - the Maynilad Water Services, Inc., a joint venture by the French Suez and the Filipino Benpres Holding was awarded the concession contract for the West Zone, whereas the Manila Water Company, Inc., consisting of the Filipino Ayala Corporation as well as the British United Utilities and the US company Bechtel was awarded the East Zone. The concession contracts were expected to last for 25 years and included targets concerning coverage, service quality and economic efficiency. An objective was to increase water coverage in Metro Manila to 96% by 2006.

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Two independent government entities were likewise created, to perform distinct functions, i.e.:1. MWSS- Corporate Offices (erstwhile named Residual) Facilitating the exercise by the Concessionaire of its agency powers; Administration and management of retained assets Administration of existing loans Providing bulk water Development of new water sources Providing such other services or functions as are assigned under the Concession Agreement; 2. MWSS-Regulatory Office  Monitoring and/or enforcement of Concession Agreement Ensure appropriate measures are undertaken in case of Concessionaires’ non-compliance Review water supply and sewerage rates and implementation of extra ordinary price adjustment and rate rebasing provisions Prosecute or defend proceedings before the Appeals Panel

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As Agents of MWSS in the provision of water and sewer services, MWSS transferred to the concessionaires the tenancy to land and operational fixed assets and an exclusive rights to: - Produce and treat raw water; - Transport, distribute and market potable water; and - Collect, transport, treat, dispose and eventually reutilize wastewater, including industrial effluent discharged into the sewerage system.

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The primary service improvement goals as outlined in the CA are:  - the renewal of the sewerage system in the Concession area; and - building a new infrastructure which will support the expansion of the water and sewerage system, thereby connecting 100% of the urban population of the Concession area to potable water and 95% of the urban population to the sewerage system, and treating 100% of the sewage produced.

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The Concession is structured on the achievement of gradual performance targets set for such parameters as water and sewerage coverage in terms of: percentage of population served; percentage of wastewater to receive primary and secondary treatment; percentage of water and sewerage network to be renovated, maximum percentage of unaccounted-for water service expansion quality of service: water pressure, continuity of supply, and water quality.

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MWSS has structured an investment program of US$ 7.5 billion over the 25 year Concession period. Of this investment 20% is earmarked for water and 80% for sewerage and sanitation services. Approximately US$___ billion will have been invested by the end of the first five year program to: overhaul the management and the administration of service providing systems, particularly bill collection and customer relations; reduce the response time for repairing water supply leaks and wastewater blockages; percentage of water and sewerage network to be renovated, ensure that the quality of water produced in the treatment plants is in compliance with environmental standards; and improve business support facilities such as warehouses, branch offices

Purified Water : 

Purified Water Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove impurities. Distilled water and deionized water have been the most common forms of purified water, but water can also be purified by other processes including reverse osmosis, carbon filtration, microporous filtration, ultra filtration, ultraviolet oxidation, or electro dialysis. Water Purification Water purification is the process of purifying contaminated water to make it safe for human consumption.

Methods of purifying water : 

Methods of purifying water Distillation Double-Distillation Deionization

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Schematics of a reverse osmosis system (desalination) using a pressure exchanger. 1:Sea water inflow, 2: Fresh water flow (40%), 3:Concentrate Flow (60%), 4:Sea water flow (60%), 5: Concentrate (drain), A: High pressure pump flow (40%), B: Circulation pump, C:Osmosis unit with membrane, D: Pressure exchanger

THIS IS HOW YOUR WATER IS BEING PROCESSED : 

THIS IS HOW YOUR WATER IS BEING PROCESSED Screening Rapid Mixing Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration - back washing - surface wash Post Treatment Storage

Water and wastewater purification : 

Water and wastewater purification In industry, reverse osmosis removes minerals from boiler water at power plants. The water is boiled and condensed repeatedly. It must be as pure as possible so that it does not leave deposits on the machinery or cause corrosion. . It is also used to clean effluent and brackish groundwater. * The process of reverse osmosis can be used for the production of deionized water.

Implications of Plastic Bottled Water : 

Implications of Plastic Bottled Water This information was recently published on the Organic Consumers Association Newsletter:ENDING BOTTLED WATER ADDICTION WILL SAVE MONEY & THE ENVIRONMENT According to the San Francisco Chronicle and lawsuits from The Environmental Law Foundation:40% of bottled water is really just re-packaged tap water.

Standards and Regulations for Bottled Water : 

Standards and Regulations for Bottled Water According to a 2001 report of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), roughly 1.5 million tons of plastic are expended in the bottling of 89 billion liters of water each year.  Bottled water, because it is defined as a “food” under federal regulations, is under the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) while the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)—under much stricter standards—regulates tap water. Thus, bottled water, depending upon the brand, may actually be less clean and safe than tap water. Municipal water systems must test for harmful microbiological content in water several times a day, bottled water companies are required to test for these microbes only once a week.  the 1999 NRDC study found that 18 of the 103 bottled water brands tested contained, in at least one sample, “more bacteria than allowed under microbiological-purity guidelines.”

The Effects of Bottled Water on the Environment : 

The Effects of Bottled Water on the Environment According to a 2001 report of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), roughly 1.5 million tons of plastic are expended in the bottling of 89 billion liters of water each year Bottled water companies, due to their unregulated use of valuable resources and their production of billions of plastic bottles have presented a significant strain on the environment.  The authors of the WWF report suggested that water bottles be washed and reused in order to lessen their negative impact on the environment. Unfortunately, reusing plastic bottles further compromises the quality of the water, due to the fact that more and more phthalate leaches its way into the water as the bottle gets older.

Slide 25: 

ANGAT DAM Current Elevation as of February 3, 2010, 08:00 a.m.200.57 meters Spilling Level217 metersAlert LevelNormal IPO DAM Current Elevation as of February 3, 2010, 08:00 a.m.100.71 metersSpilling Level101 meters Alert LevelNormal LAMESA DAM Current Elevation as of February 3, 2010, 08:00 a.m.79.91 metersSpilling Level80.15 meters Alert LevelNormal