New-RESEARCH – PROBLEM SELECTION –INFORMATIONS ON THESIS

RESEARCH PROBLEM SELECTION –INFORMATIONS ON THESIS AND DISSERTATION WRITING:

DR. G. CHANDRAMOHAN , M.Sc,M.Phil,B.Ed,PhD,FCRSI Reader in Chemistry , AVVM Sri Pushpam College, Poondi. Ref: 1. Research Methodology by Kothari 2. Use of chemical Literature by R.T. Bottle. 3. Thesis and Assignment writing by J. Anderson. RESEARCH PROBLEM SELECTION –INFORMATIONS ON THESIS AND DISSERTATION WRITING

FORMAT FOR M.SC. PROJECT / M.Phil. DISSERTATION OR Ph.D. THESIS:

FORMAT FOR M.SC. PROJECT / M.Phil. DISSERTATION OR Ph.D. THESIS Tips for Improved Presentation . Certificate By the guide Statement or undertaking by the student Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Abbreviations List of Tables List of Figures Chapter I-Introduction (AIM and Scope of the Present Work) Chapter II - Review of Literature Chapter III- Experimental Methods Chapter IV- Results and Discussion (Number of Chapters can be there under this) Chapter V- Summary and Conclusion Bibliography or References Appendices may be given at the end.

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TITLE PAGE Generally, the following information is required in the title page of the thesis. Title of the thesis Name of the institution to which the thesis is being submitted Degree for which the thesis is presented Name of the candidate Name of the Guide Date or month of submission of the thesis A typical example of Title Page is shown below :

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SYNTHESIS OF SOME NOVEL HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN A Dissertation/Project Submitted to Bharathidasan University in Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Chemistry/ Master of Science in Chemistry By. C. SANTHOSH Register No. 06CH501 Guided by DR. G. Chandramohan , P.G. and Research Department of Chemistry, AVVM Sri Pushpam College, Poondi – 613 503, Thanjavur Dt. August 2006

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A STUDY ON NATURAL DYE OBTAINED FROM FLOWERS OF DELONIX REGIA FOR DYEING COTTON IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS A dissertation Submitted to Bharathidasan University in Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMISTRY Submitted by T.Mohanapriya, M.Sc., B.Ed ., Register No : 06CD – 27660 Under the Guidance of DR.G.Chandramohan Reader in Chemistry A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, poondi Name of the Study Centre : THANJAVUR CENTRE FOR DISTANCE EDUCATION(CDE) BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY THIRUCHIRAPPALLI DECEMBER - 2007

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Dr. G.CHANDRAMOHAN, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,Ph.D ., Reader in Chemistry, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi – 613 503, Thanjavur District. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN THIRUVAIYARU TALUK IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT” is a bonafide record of work done by Mrs. A.R.HEMA (Reg.No.A7A6235011), a student of Master of Philosophy under my guidance for the award of Master of Philosophy in chemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements of MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY, PALKALAI NAGAR. MADURAI. This work has not previously formed, the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similarities. I also certify that this dissertation represents independent work on the part of the candidate. Place: Poondi Signature of the Guide Date: 24 -12-2006

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DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “A STUDY ON NATURAL DYE OBTAINED FROM FLOWERS OF DELONIX REGIA FOR DYEING COTTON IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS” submitted for the M.Phil., degree is my original work and the dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, Associateship, fellowship or any other similar titles. Place : Thanjavur Date : 12-8-2005 Signature of the student

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my bounden duty and pleasure to place on record my profound sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my guide Dr. G.Chandramohan, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.,Ph.D ., Reader in Chemistry, A.V.V.M Sri pushpam College (Autonomous) Poondi – 613 503, Thanjavur for his valuable guidance and constant encouragement. I express my thanks to Mr. A.M.Rasool Mohideen, B.Sc., Assistant Water Analyst, TWAD Board, Thanjavur for his valuable suggestions during the course of this project work. I sincerely thank Mr. P.Solarajan, B.Sc ., Junior Water Analyst, TWAD Board, Thanjavur for his suggestions in carrying out my dissertation work. My special thanks to my husband for his constant motivation and moral support during the entire duration of this project work. (A.R. HEMA)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. I INTRODUCTION AIM AND SCOPE 1 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5 III EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 20 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 51 REFERENCES

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Main headings such as INTRODUCTION and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION are given in all capitals – in the top center of the page with no underlining. In the case of electronic type writing or computer printing they can be given in bold letters. Subheadings can be either underlined or typed in bold letters. The first letter of each noun, adverb or adjective (excepting articles such as an, in, of etc.) may be typed in capitals. Paragraph subheading is written as follows. Conductivity measurements. The conductance recorded for the complex is ……………………… ( The material to be typed in the same line)

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Indiscriminate use of capital letters must be avoided – like writing Cobalt or Zinc in the middle of the sentence. Use of non-standard abbreviations must be avoided – like temp for temperature, Rxn for reaction, Cx for complex. Use of Conc, for concentrated can be accepted. Under acknowledgement –very important help taken from persons must necessarily be individually acknowledged. For miscellaneous help received a general acknowledgement would suffice. To increase the weightage of the individual project the acknowledgement should be brief.

Contents – a model may be given.:

Contents – a model may be given . Under introduction – relevant literature already available on the topic must be summarized briefly. Whenever possible the information can be condensed in the form of a table. It should be a sort of status report. A very general and long introduction must be avoided especially in M.Phil. and Ph.D. thesis though it may be tolerated to some extent in M.Sc. Projects. Whenever an author is referred to by name his initial need not be given in the text. –eg. Extensive work on this has been reported by Raman 15 . Under reference, of course, the author’s name should be necessarily given with initials . Towards the end under Introduction, Aim and scope of the work or proposed plan of work should be described briefly in the form of number of important points. Under Experimental. – information regarding the purity of the reagents used – further purification procedures if used – details regarding the preparation of reagent solutions etc. can be given.

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If instrumental techniques are used, a very brief account (say one or two paragraphs) of the principle involved may be explained. The types of informations to be derived may also be listed. The make of the instrument used with model number may be given. The range of the instrument may also be mentioned. eg. Perikin Elmer –1430-Double Beam I.R. Spectrophotometer (range: 4000 – 200 cm-1). The medium used for taking the spectra also must be mentioned . Under Results and Discussion – the experimental data obtained must be recorded. Their interpretation must be explained. For brevity of discussion any previous reference available on the matter must be quoted. The tables and figures given should be appropriately mumbered. eg. Table 3.1 and 3.2 etc Figure 3.1 and 3.2 etc

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Each table and figure should be self explanatory with necessary legends. Two examples may be given. Latest IUPAC nomenclature must be used in naming the complex. The name of he complex should be written as one word – however long it may be. Eg. [Cr (NH 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 3 (OH)] (NO 3 ) 2 Diamminetriaquohydroxochromium (III) nitrate. There should be copious illustrations of the structures proposed for the complexes. Full expansion of any abbreviation used must be given

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Under Summary and Conclusions – A chapter-wise summary may be provided first. The conclusions from the particular piece of research work must be highlighted. Plan for future work may also be indicated. References –two examples. For Books W.W.Wendlandt , “Thermal Methods of Analysis ” 2nd Edn., John Wiley and Sons , Newyork (1974) p or pp. For Journals G.Chandramohan and R.Renganathan , Int.J Chem.Kinet 2002 , 569-574, 34 Use of et al., is permitted in the text Under references use of et al., to be avoided. Name of all the authors must be listed.

CONVENTIONS:

CONVENTIONS Small Roman numerals (I,ii etc) are used for pagination for prefactory material. Arabic numerals are used for the body of the thesis (top middle, top right, bottom middle, bottom right ) Number 1 is not usually typed on the first page. A number in the beginning of a sentence is spelled out regardless of its size. eg. One hundred and twenty seven trees were planted that day. Whereas the text of a thesis or assignment is normally double spaced, single or one and a half spacing may be used for tables. With columns of figures it is common to single space and leave one double space after every fifth or tenth row. (for easy reference) Tables and figures should always be introduced. Stated another way the table or figure should always follow its first mention in the text. Tables, graphs and diagrams should be placed as near as possible to that of the text to which they refer. If the table is fairly short it can be included in the body of the text. Table numbers are given at the top of the table. Figure numbers are given at the bottom of the figure. Do not divide words of one syllable. Normally divide the words at the end of a syllable. Do not divide that word at the end of a page. Do not divide numbers and their units. eg. ………………………………………………………………1000 cm-1. For written assignment “Reference ” is used. In thesis “ Bibliography ” is used. Whatever convention is used internal self consistency is very important

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Avoid using I / we have taken or observed or calculated etc It was observed that ……… SOMETIMES WRITTEN AS PROPERLY WRITTEN AS gm, gms, grs g hrs, secs h, s 1980’s 1980 s I st , II nd I, II mls mL mole mol Cuprous Copper Copper (I) Cupric Copper Copper (II) Ferric iron Iron (III) Mercuric mercury Mercury (II)

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Co (II), Ni (II) etc. Co II , Ni II etc, Representing as cobalt (II) or nickel (II) is O.K. While referring to weight of gravimetric precipitate 0.3 g 0.3000 g 0.256123 g 0.2561 g While referring to volumetric titration results titre value Titration value Burette solution Titrant Pipette solution Titrand

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25 ml 25.0 mL  eff  eff. 35 o C 35 o 273 o K 273K 1600 cm -1 – 1200 cm -1 1600 – 1200 cm -1 I.R. absorptions occur at 3500cm -1, 3300 cm -1 and 1600 cm -1 I.R. absorptions occur at 3500 3300 and 1600 cm -1 M.Sc. M.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., M.Sc., Ph.D. et al et al., 10 gms of each chillies and tulasi leaves were taken 10 g each of chillies and tulasi leaves were taken

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Upto up to vaccum vacuum dessicator desiccator filterate filtrate p H pH di, tri and tetravalent di-, tri – and tetravalent liq liquid Datas Data eqn equation Alternate source of energy Alternative source of energy percent per cent 1/3 one third

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Fractions are usually spelled out unless part of a large number. eg. He spent one fifth of his income on accommodation. The house was 99.5 feet by 25.0 feet. Abbreviation Meaning ca “Circa” – approximately or about cf “Confer” – Compare e.g. “exempli gratia” for example et al. “et alii” and others used to refer to co-authors when there are three or more et abibi and elsewhere

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ibid. “ibidem” in the sample place or work idem “the same” – same work and same page as the previous one i.e. “id est” that is infra “below” supra “above” used to refer to text already cited. loc. cit. “loco citato” in the place cited N.B. “nota bene” note well op.cit. “opero citato” in the work cited p. pp. “page, pages” vide “see” viz. “Videlicet” namely Vs “Versus” against

SELECTION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM :

SELECTION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM Organic Chemistry is a vast subject which embraces a very wide range from simple compounds like methane to complicated molecules like enzymes, proteins etc. Thousands of organic compounds are there and an organic chemist will view at these compounds from an angle of synthesis or structural elucidation etc. A physical chemist will try to investigate the kinetic aspects or thermodynamic parameters of these compounds. An inorganic chemist will be more concerned as to how to use these compounds as ligands to prepare metal complexes. In addition he may also extend the work on to analytical aspects.

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No researcher starts his work on his own. He will seek the help of his guide who has rich experience in the respective field, and referencing work will be guided properly as his research supervisor will be familiar with the type of work that is going on in other places. Thus any beginner need not worry as to how to start on a clear state since some infrastructure material will be available to him to inspire him further . Any researcher must try to work on a socially relevant problem. His findings should have direct bearing on the usefulness to the society. An applied problem arises out of fundamental work. Therefore fundamental research must be given equal importance.

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Let us view at some research problems . If we take the synthesis of polyesters the reactants required are ethyleneglycol and terephthalic acid. We can get many research problems on this. One should try to get fibers out of substituted terephthalic acid and modified glycols. The point that should be borne in mind is that the polymer that we prepare must have good crystallinity. Similarly for medicinally important compounds, structure activity relationship (SAR) can be studied for modern drugs since SAR has been investigated for many known compounds like chloramphenicol etc. For such type of work a good synthetic lab is required

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There are a lot of openings for kinetic study . If we take oxidation of isopropanol , a good literature survey is required to find out the various oxidants used like NBS, CAT, PDS, PMS etc. Many other oxidants are available and most of them are mentioned in leading text books on organic chemistry – Reaction Mechanism like the one by Jerry March. Propronalol is a good antihypertensive drug. We have studied the kinetics of oxidation of this drug, in our laboratory. For such drugs pharmacokinetics can also be done which is a laborious but potentially a good work. Pharmacology by Goodmann and Gilmann gives a chapter on this type of work.

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A student may also be encouraged to do his project in industries . Where he will come across challenging problems, but solution cannot be arrived at short duration. Boiler industry faces a lot of scale problems. Of course this cannot be solved completely but can be minimized. Any industry has a R and D division. If the students are permitted to work there, it will be a challenging task for the student. He will be exposed to various equipments. Another challenging area of research is Natural Products. Terpenoids, steroids, plant acids, flavonoids, coumarins and xanthones are extracted from plants. Some terpenoids are used in perfumery. Some steroids and flavanoids have medicinal activity.

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The people in rural area, use herbs as medicines which do not generally have side effects. The present day trend is to use more herbal drugs . A researcher in this area should go to nearby villages and find out the herbs that they use to cure various illnesses. Tamil University has a good collection of literature regarding medicinally useful plants. The researcher can try to isolate the active principles from these plants and study their activity on animals and afterwards subject them to clinical trials. Like this rutin has come to market as antiinflammatory drug etc. This is a potent area of research. But this field requires the help from Pharmacologists. Now the PG students have another facility which was not available before. They can take up UGC-CSIR examination for JRF / NET and if successful they can choose their research center and guide also. They can meet various guides and know about the nature of research problems and select whichever they like.

Some useful Research / Project area:

Some useful Research / Project area 1.Voltammetric investigation of p-chlorophenol and p-nitrophenol on graphite electrode- influence of surfactants . Electrochemical oxidation of PCP and PNP studied by C.V. Oxidation and polymerization processes were studied both in neutral (NaCl ) and alkaline (NaOH) medium. CECRI, Karaikudi. 2. ” Current trends in Biomedical implant corrosion.” 316 L stainless steel Ti and its alloys, Co and Cr alloys. To improve the material. Surface modifications like laser melting , nitriding , ion implantation, bio-ceramic coatings with Calcium phosphate, Titanium dibromide etc.

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3. Battery and Fuel Cells – High Energy Batteries- Mathur, Trichy-622515. 4. Corrosion resistance of Ni plated Carbon Steel . 5. Electrochemical reduction of p-aminoazobenzene using glassy carbon electrode in acid medium . 6.Synthesis of ZnO nano thin films: used for optical properties- sensors.

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7. Synthesis and characterization of nano-sized Magnesium Aluminate powder- Microwave assisted co-precipitation method. ( use –optical, magnetic, electrical, electronic and structural-ceramic materials) . 8. Synthesis and ion change properties of 2-methyl phenol-thiourea-paraformaldehyde resin. 9. The effect of Acalypha Indica extract as corrosion inhibitor on the mild steel in 1 M H 2 SO 4 . 10. Aniline as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic media 11. Removal of Cd (II) from aqueous

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11. Removal of Cd (II) from aqueous solution using activated carbon derived from Palmyra palm fruit seed.(activated carbon mixed with cement kiln dust or fly ash etc.) 12. Removal of pollutants from Effluents: Lime treatment, coagulation, adsorption using activated carbon and polymeric adsorbent, UV irradiation, fungus, electrochemical methods-electro coagulation, flocculation etc. 13. Studies on the Extraction and Application of Eco-friendly Natural dyes. Henna, flowers, leaves, barks, fruits, seed, root etc.

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14. Dyeability of enzyme treated polyester fabrics. 15. Analysis of soil samples. 16. Fruit analysis 17. Investigation of corrosion and rusting on different brands of blades. 18. Study of Adulteration of food materials . 19. Preparation of rayon threads from waste paper and cellulose material. 20. Determination of protein content in common pulses. 21. A Comparative study of commercial antacids. 22. A study on the assay of paracetamol tablets.

Tips for your Future Higher studies: :

Tips for your Future Higher studies : B.Ed ., Regular and Correspondence M.Phil .,Regular Ph.D., Write JRF/NET exam conducted by UGC-CSIR , twice in a year . JRF Rs. 12000 /pm stipend and RS. 25000 / contingent per year. SRF Rs. 15000 /pm stipend and RS. 25000/ contingent per year. Integrated Ph.D., in IISC , Bangalore. Separate entrance exam. Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Scientific and Advanced Research, Bangalore. UICT , Mumbai

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TIFR - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai Seven IIT’s in India- Chennai, Mumbai, Newdelhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Guwahati, Roorkee. RRL –Regional Research Labs IICT – Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad. CLRI – Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai. CECRI –Central Electro Chemical Research Institute, Karaikudi. CFTRI – Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore. NCL – National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. CDRI – Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. IACS – Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata

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All CSIR Labs IGCAR – Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam. ICAR – Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Newdelhi . ICMR – Indian Council of Medical Research, Newdelhi. FRI – Forest Research Institute, Dehradun CIPET – Central Institute of Plastic Eng. and Technology, Guindy, Chennai All Central Universities All State Universities including Deemed Universities. All Affilliated College in India

Competitive Examinations:

Competitive Examinations SLET - Examinations TOEFL – Test of English as Foreign Language IELTS- International English Language Testing Scheme GRE – Graduate Record Examination GATE – Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering GMAT-Graduate Management Aptitude Test UPSC – IAS, IPS, IFS, IES etc TNPSC , Tamilnadu Public Service commission, SSC – Staff Selection Commission Exam. – Govt. of India . RRB – Railway Recruitment Board. LIC – Life Insurance Corporation of India . BSRB - Banking Service Recruitment Board. Income Tax Inspectors – Examinations

Studying Overseas:

Studying Overseas Foreign Studies Service Bureau 7, old No.C/53 9A Cross Thillai Nagar, Trichy-18 Mobile: 98424 31675 Chennai Office : A – 6 Brown stone Apartments Mahalingapuram Chennai -34 E –mail: fssb-2000@yahoo.com

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For MS/PhD/GRE/TOEFL Balaji Worldwide Education 177 New Royapettah High Road, Mylapore,Chennai-600004 Phone:044 42108040/41;Cell:9840443882 For MBA/PGDBA in Human Resources Management (HRM) at Singapore Campus www.sandzindia.com * For GRE/GMAT/IELTS/TOEFL Manya Education Pvt Ltd 173,Grand Trust Centre III Floor Habibullah Road,T.Nagar, Chennai-17 Phone:044 42125556/57 044 42125578

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CAT/MAT/IELTS Trichy Plus 5 th Cross, Thillai Nagar, Trichy-18 Phone:0431 2769057 * Tata Institute of Social Science (TISS) Mumbai 400088 www.tiss.edu (For Sociology,Management,HR,Marketting etc * Education Plus: The Hindu Website http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/nic/005/index.htm

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THANK YOU BY DR.G.CHANDRAMOHAN