Seminar in IARI

FROST AND ITS MANAGEMENT : 

FROST AND ITS MANAGEMENT LAKSHMISHA. G ROLL NO. 9461 DIVISION OF PLANT PHYSIOLOY

INTRODUCTION : 

INTRODUCTION CROPS EXPERIENCES VARIOUS ABIOTIC STRESSES COLD STRESS IS ONE AMONG THE PROMINENT FREEEZING AND CHILLING ARE THE IMPORTANT EFFECT OF FROST

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FROST DEFINITIONA weather condition in which the temperature drops below 00C so that a thin white layer of ice forms on the ground, especially during night (Oxfodrd Advance Learners Dictionary)Frost is a atmospheric moisture directly crystallized on the ground and on exposed objects. It is the occurrence of sub-zero temperature that affects the plant and crop (Encyclopedia Britannica)

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ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FROSTAT GLOBAL LEVEL: IN AUSTRALIA: $ 33 m/yr CROP LOSS DUE TO FROST LOSS IN WHEAT AND BARLEY ACCOUNTED TO $ 100 m/yr (Garren and Melisso, 2007)IN USA: FROST CAUSES CROOP LOSS UP TO 25%, SOME TIMES ENTIRE CROP MAY DIE HENCE THE CEONOMIC IMPACT OF FREEZING TEMPERATURE WILL UNDOUBTEDLY BE IN TH EMULTI-MILLION DOLLAR RANGE (Kate Campbell, 2008)GDRC investing $ 700000 on frost control research

ECONOMIC IMPACT ON CROPS : 

ECONOMIC IMPACT ON CROPS IN INDIA: 54000 ha Potato completely Damaged in Punjab due to frost (ALO News India 24 Jan2008) 17000 t Tomato, 10000t of Peas are being hit by frost (Financial Express 25 Aug 2008) About 13.6% fall in Mustard production last year due to Hailstorms and Frost (P.K.Mishra, Agricultural Secretary 24 Apr 2008)

HOW DOEDS FROST FORMS? : 

HOW DOEDS FROST FORMS? HOW DOES FROST FORMS? Loss of energy in the form of Infra red radiation Temperature below dew point Water condensation Ice formation

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WHEN DOES FROST OCCUR? In northern hemisphere during Nov-Dec-Jan In southern hemisphere during Jun-Jul-Aug In N-India we experience frost during Nov-Dec-Jan

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HOW DOES FROST AFFECT THE CROP? 1. BY Chilling 2. By Freezing i. Intracellular Freezin ii. Intercellular Freezing

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FIELD CROPS AFFECTED BY FROST Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Barley (Hardium vulgare) Mustard (Brassica spp) Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Peas (Pysum sativum) Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Winter maize (Zea mayz) Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) Besides these field crops, all Orchard plantations and Ornamental crops affected by frost (Kate Campbell,2008)

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WEATHER CONDITIOND FAVOURS FROST OCCURRENCE Prolonged cloudy days Cold wind from high pressure areas

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Clear sky during night

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Cold air at valley and depressions

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FIELD EXAMINATION OF FROST EFFECT EARLY TO ECONOMIC LOSS GROWING BUD EVALUATION (Albert Tunuta,2006) MONITORING WHEAT KERNAL DEVELOPMENT

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If the growing bud is green and firm: No frost effect. If the growing point is has water soaked appearance, mushy or has has become half white or brown: frost affected.

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Leaves are often twisted and hooked in wheat Newly emerged leaves unable to expand Exposed leaves show injury similar to sun scald Light green to yellow leaves with burning tip Immediately above lower node the young meristem may collapse and plant may lodge and die Delayed seed germination Purple leaves in corn. SYMPTOMS EXPRESSED BY THE FROST AFFECTED PLANTS

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FROST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

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FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE DEPLOYING FROST CONTROL SYSTEM The crop sensitivity, Risk, Value Frequency of spring frost Site condition Cost of frost control Availability of resources for FCS Adoptability of FCS to crop Versatility of FCS

FACTORS CONTROL MEASURES ARE GROUPED AS FOLLOWS : 

FACTORS CONTROL MEASURES ARE GROUPED AS FOLLOWS AGRONOMIC MEASURES: Altered date of sowing Selection of crop Use varieties with differential rate of tiller emergence Use of proper variety Maintain good crop stand and spacing

AGRONOMIC MEASURES: : 

AGRONOMIC MEASURES: Altered date of sowing Wheat sown a week after normal date of sowing prevents the susceptible stage from frost (Albert Tenuta,2006) The alfalfa planted at late July to early Aug had less frost effect than those made in late Aug-Sep in Ohio-USA (Maark Sulc,2006) Table: Temperature that cause freezing injury to wheat at spring growth and yield effect of spring freeze injury

AGRONOMIC MEASURES: : 

Selection of suitable crop AGRONOMIC MEASURES: Barley and Oats are 20C and 40C more tolerant to frost than the Wheat (Garren and Melissa, 2006)

AGRONOMIC MEASURES: : 

Use varieties with differential rate of tiller emergence The growing point of corn remain below the soil surface until the plant is approximately at V6 growth stage which keeps the plant viable even though the above ground plant tissue may be killed. In this case yield may be compensated some what by delaying the growth and development of plant (Palle Pederson, 2005) AGRONOMIC MEASURES:

AGRONOMIC MEASURES: : 

Use of proper variety Full season varieties of Wheat and Mustard endure frost better than the short duration, early hybrids. Maintain good Crop stand and Spacing Use of high seed rate to over come frost effect on germination is recommended (Chuck Wilson,2006) The adequate inter row spacing to allow maximum sunlight to incidence on the field , hence improve the soil temperature (Zaidi and Singh,2005) Other agronomic tips Proper site selection keep crop well watered AGRONOMIC MEASURES:

CULTURAL MEASURES: : 

Delving Using of wide blade tyne to mix deep clay sub soil with sandy top soil (Rebbeck et al.,2005) ADVANTAGES OF DELVING: Reduce soil albedo Increase potential of storage and release of heat by soil Potential attenuation of the effect of radiative frost Increases the canopy-height temperature by 0.3-0.40C Very small change in minimum temperature at the ear level may have dramatic effect on wheat grain set (Marcellos and Single,1984) CULTURAL MEASURES:

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Figure 1. Relationships between grain yield and frost damage at Keith in 2003-04 combined using a normalized yield scale. Tqble: Relation between canopy height temperature and Grain yield in Wheat (Rebbeck et al.,2005) CULTURAL MEASURES:

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Surface irrigation Surface irrigation to wet the soil as a result thermal conductivity and heat capacity increases considerably over dry soil (Richard et al., 2001) CULTURAL MEASURES:

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CULTURAL MEASURES: Sprinkler irrigation When a sprinkler irrigation is first started, the air temperature at sprinkled area first falls to wet bulb temperature. Then increases as water freezes on ground to release heat and warm air (Synder et al.,2001) Figure:  Temperature of a bud wetted by a sprinkler system with a precipitation rate of 2.8 mm h-1 (0.12 in/h) when exposed to a wind speed of 6.9 m s-1 (15 mph).  The dotted line is for a 120 s rotation, the dashed line is for a 60 s rotation, and the solid line is for a 30 s rotation.

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CULTURAL MEASURES: Covers are used to decrease the net radiation and convection energy losses from crop and reduce the potential for freeze damage.

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CULTURAL MEASURES:

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CULTURAL MEASURES:

Prevent high inputs and manage crop nutrition High Nitrogen application increase crop vulnerability to frost K, Cu, Mo Deficiency render crop vulnerable to Frost : 

Prevent high inputs and manage crop nutrition High Nitrogen application increase crop vulnerability to frost K, Cu, Mo Deficiency render crop vulnerable to Frost CULTURAL MEASURES:

PHYSICAL METHODS : 

PHYSICAL METHODS By increasing heat or by increasing air circulation crop can be protected from Frost (Lucy Bradley, 1998) Use wind machine to bring aloft warm air to field level

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FIG: Schematic diagram showing the effect of wind machines on temperature profiles during a radiation frost.

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PHYSICAL METHODS

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Use of helicopters Helicopters move warm air from aloft in an inversion to the surface PHYSICAL METHODS

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PHYSICAL METHODS

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PHYSICAL METHODS Heating

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PHYSICAL METHODS

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PHYSICAL METHODS PHYSICAL METHODS Heating using bonfire

OTHER METHODS : 

OTHER METHODS PROTECTED AGRICULTURE BIOTECH AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES BREEDING METHODS INTERNATIONAL COLABORATION

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HAIR GRASS IN ANTARTICA TOLERATES -180C COLD, IF WE COULD ABLE TO EXPLOITE GENETICALLY THIS GRASS, IT MAY PROVE THE WORTH RECENTLY A ARCTIC RESEARCH CENTRE HIMADRI HAS ESTABLISHED, NOW MANY COLD RELATED RESEARCHES COULD BE CARRIED OUT OVER THERE EFFECTIVE INTEGRATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL, AGRONOMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS A BETTER SOLUTIONS CAN BE THOUGHT OF. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

CONCLUSIONS : 

CONCLUSIONS GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF VERY POSSIBLE FACTORS THARLLING THE CROP PRODUCTION HAVE A GREAT FUTURE IN SOLVING PROBLEMS OF COLD STRESS KNOWING AND APPLICATION OF COST EFFECTIVE AND VERSATILE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES HELPS IN ACHIEVING GOOD RETURN INTEGRATION OF EVERY POSSIBLE FIELDS OF AGRICULTURE HAVE BRIGHT FUTURE IN TH EFORM OF II GREEN REVOLUTION.

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THANKS