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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Introduction to Probability: Introduction to Probability Experiments, Outcomes, Events and Sample Spaces What is probability? Basic Rules of Probability Probabilities of Compound EventsExperiments, Outcomes, Events and Sample Spaces : Experiments, Outcomes, Events and Sample Spaces Experiment: An experiment is any activity from which results are obtained. A random experiment is one in which the outcomes, or results, cannot be predicted with certainty. Examples: Flip a coin Flip a coin 3 times Roll a die Draw a SRS of size 50 from a population Trial: A physical action , the result of which cannot be predeterminedBasic Outcomes and Sample Spaces: Basic Outcomes and Sample Spaces Basic Outcome (o): A possible outcome of the experiment Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment Example: A company has offices in six cities, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Paris, and London. A new employee will be randomly assigned to work in on of these offices. Outcomes: Sample Space: Slide4: Example #2: A random sample of size two is to be selected from the list of six cities, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Paris, and London. Outcomes: Sample Space: Events and Venn Diagrams: Events and Venn Diagrams Events: Collections of basic outcomes from the sample space. We say that an event occurs if any one of the basic outcomes in the event occurs. Example #1 (cont.): Let B be the event that the city selected is in the US Let A be the event that the city selected is in California Venn Diagram: Graphical representation of sample space and eventsSlide6: Example #2: A random sample of size two is to be selected from the list of six cities, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Paris, and London. Let E be the event that both cities selected are in the US E= Sample Space and Venn Diagram: Assigning Probabilities to Events: Assigning Probabilities to Events Probability of an event P(E): “Chance” that an event will occur Must lie between 0 and 1 “0” implies that the event will not occur “1” implies that the event will occur Types of Probability: Objective Relative Frequency Approach Equally-likely Approach Subjective Slide8: Relative Frequency Approach: Relative frequency of an event occurring in an infinitely large number of trials Equally-likely Approach: If an experiment must result in n equally likely outcomes, then each possible outcome must have probability 1/n of occurring. Examples: Roll a fair die Select a SRS of size 2 from a population Subjective Probability: A number between 0 and 1 that reflects a person’s degree of belief that an event will occur Example: Predictions for rainOdds: Odds Example: If the odds of Came Home winning the Derby are 9:2, what is the subjective probability that he will win?Probabilities of Events: Probabilities of Events Let A be the event A = {o1, o2, …, ok}, where o1, o2, …, ok are k different outcomes. Then Problem 5.3.4: The number on a license plate is any digit between 0 and 9. What is the probability that the first digit is a 3? What is the probability that the first digit is less than 4? Probabilities of Compound Events: Law of Complements: “If A is an event, then the complement of A, denoted by , represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in S that do not belong to A.” Additive Law of Probability: Probabilities of Compound Events A SLaw of Complements: “If A is an event, then the complement of A, denoted by , represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in S that do not belong to A.” Law of ComplementsUnions and Intersections of Two Events: Unions of Two Events “If A and B are events, then the union of A and B, denoted by AB, represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in A or B.” Intersections of Two Events “If A and B are events, then the intersection of A and B, denoted by AB, represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in A and B.” Unions and Intersections of Two EventsAdditive Law of Probability: Additive Law of ProbabilityUsing Additive Law of Probability: Using Additive Law of Probability Example: At State U, all first-year students must take chemistry and math. Suppose 15% fail chemistry, 12% fail math, and 5% fail both. Suppose a first-year student is selected at random. What is the probability that student selected failed at least one of the courses? Mutually Exclusive Events: Mutually Exclusive Events Mutually Exclusive Events: Events that have no basic outcomes in common, or equivalently, their intersection is the empty set. SMultiplication Rule and Independent Events: Multiplication Rule and Independent Events Multiplication Rule for Independent Events: Let A and B be two independent events, then Examples: Flip a coin twice. What is the probability of observing two heads? Flip a coin twice. What is the probability of getting a head and then a tail? A tail and then a head? One head? Three computers are ordered. If the probability of getting a “working” computer is .7, what is the probability that all three are “working” ? You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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sta291 5c funnyside Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINTLite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1228 Category: Entertainment License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: October 29, 2007 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: alibet (44 month(s) ago) i would really appreciate if you contact me as i want to download this file. This could be inspring for me. thank you very much. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Introduction to Probability: Introduction to Probability Experiments, Outcomes, Events and Sample Spaces What is probability? Basic Rules of Probability Probabilities of Compound EventsExperiments, Outcomes, Events and Sample Spaces : Experiments, Outcomes, Events and Sample Spaces Experiment: An experiment is any activity from which results are obtained. A random experiment is one in which the outcomes, or results, cannot be predicted with certainty. Examples: Flip a coin Flip a coin 3 times Roll a die Draw a SRS of size 50 from a population Trial: A physical action , the result of which cannot be predeterminedBasic Outcomes and Sample Spaces: Basic Outcomes and Sample Spaces Basic Outcome (o): A possible outcome of the experiment Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment Example: A company has offices in six cities, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Paris, and London. A new employee will be randomly assigned to work in on of these offices. Outcomes: Sample Space: Slide4: Example #2: A random sample of size two is to be selected from the list of six cities, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Paris, and London. Outcomes: Sample Space: Events and Venn Diagrams: Events and Venn Diagrams Events: Collections of basic outcomes from the sample space. We say that an event occurs if any one of the basic outcomes in the event occurs. Example #1 (cont.): Let B be the event that the city selected is in the US Let A be the event that the city selected is in California Venn Diagram: Graphical representation of sample space and eventsSlide6: Example #2: A random sample of size two is to be selected from the list of six cities, San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Denver, Paris, and London. Let E be the event that both cities selected are in the US E= Sample Space and Venn Diagram: Assigning Probabilities to Events: Assigning Probabilities to Events Probability of an event P(E): “Chance” that an event will occur Must lie between 0 and 1 “0” implies that the event will not occur “1” implies that the event will occur Types of Probability: Objective Relative Frequency Approach Equally-likely Approach Subjective Slide8: Relative Frequency Approach: Relative frequency of an event occurring in an infinitely large number of trials Equally-likely Approach: If an experiment must result in n equally likely outcomes, then each possible outcome must have probability 1/n of occurring. Examples: Roll a fair die Select a SRS of size 2 from a population Subjective Probability: A number between 0 and 1 that reflects a person’s degree of belief that an event will occur Example: Predictions for rainOdds: Odds Example: If the odds of Came Home winning the Derby are 9:2, what is the subjective probability that he will win?Probabilities of Events: Probabilities of Events Let A be the event A = {o1, o2, …, ok}, where o1, o2, …, ok are k different outcomes. Then Problem 5.3.4: The number on a license plate is any digit between 0 and 9. What is the probability that the first digit is a 3? What is the probability that the first digit is less than 4? Probabilities of Compound Events: Law of Complements: “If A is an event, then the complement of A, denoted by , represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in S that do not belong to A.” Additive Law of Probability: Probabilities of Compound Events A SLaw of Complements: “If A is an event, then the complement of A, denoted by , represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in S that do not belong to A.” Law of ComplementsUnions and Intersections of Two Events: Unions of Two Events “If A and B are events, then the union of A and B, denoted by AB, represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in A or B.” Intersections of Two Events “If A and B are events, then the intersection of A and B, denoted by AB, represents the event composed of all basic outcomes in A and B.” Unions and Intersections of Two EventsAdditive Law of Probability: Additive Law of ProbabilityUsing Additive Law of Probability: Using Additive Law of Probability Example: At State U, all first-year students must take chemistry and math. Suppose 15% fail chemistry, 12% fail math, and 5% fail both. Suppose a first-year student is selected at random. What is the probability that student selected failed at least one of the courses? Mutually Exclusive Events: Mutually Exclusive Events Mutually Exclusive Events: Events that have no basic outcomes in common, or equivalently, their intersection is the empty set. SMultiplication Rule and Independent Events: Multiplication Rule and Independent Events Multiplication Rule for Independent Events: Let A and B be two independent events, then Examples: Flip a coin twice. What is the probability of observing two heads? Flip a coin twice. What is the probability of getting a head and then a tail? A tail and then a head? One head? Three computers are ordered. If the probability of getting a “working” computer is .7, what is the probability that all three are “working” ?