The Nature of Truth

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TRUTH and KNOWLEDGE THE NATURE OF TRUTH TRUTH AND BEING TRUTH IN KNOWLEDGE

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THE NATURE OF TRUTH Truth as conformity (adæquatio) The notion of truth and the notion of being What is the conformity of truth? Truth in relation to the different types of intellect Presence of the truth of things in the two intellects

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TRUTH AS CONFORMITY (ADÆQUATIO) Truth is the conformity between the thing and the intellect (Adæquatio rei et intellectus). THOMAS AQUINAS. De veritate

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THE NOTION OF TRUTH and THE NOTION OF BEING They signify the same real thing (res significata) but they signify it in in different ways (modus significandi). Same referent (Bedeutung) but different meaning (Sinn) See G. Frege, Über Sinn und Bedeutung, in “Kleine Schriften” (Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1967)

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Truth expresses an aspect of being Intelligibility Concept of truth arises from referring being to a term of comparison, specifically, the intellect.

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WHAT IS “CONFORMITY OF TRUTH”? NO

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MATTER FORM FORM Physical presence Intentional presence The soul is, in some way, all things. Aristotle, De Anima, Book II

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Ordinary use of the words, true and false. It’s sunny.

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Ordinary use of the words, true and false. Animals talk. “To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false; while to say of what it is that it is, or of what is not that it is not, is true.” ARISTOTLE, Metaphysics IV, 7, 1011b 26-27 See also ALFRED TARSKI, The Semantic Conception of Truth, in LEONARD LINSKI, Semantics and Philosophy of Language (Urbana, IL: U. of Illinois Press, 1952), pp. 14-15.

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Conformity of the intellect with the thing (conformity considered in itself) True knowledge (effect of this relation) Truth of things (cause, the foundation itself). DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF TRUTH Being, reality, as the foundation of truth

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Being, reality, as the foundation of truth Truth is found principally in the intellect St. Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate, q. 1 , a. 2

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TRUTH IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTELLECT

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INTELLECT HUMAN DIVINE SPECULATIVE PRACTICAL the measure (the rule of truth) of the becoming of artificial things measured by natural things (its rule of truth) measures and not measured by natural things TRUTH IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTELLECT St. Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate, q. 1 , a. 2

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INTELLECT HUMAN DIVINE PRESENCE OF TRUTH OF THINGS IN THE TWO INTELLECTS effect proper but secondary way THEIR “BEING-TRUE” COMPARED TO THE TWO cause proper & in a principal way improper & secondary way St. Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate, q. 1 , a. 4

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ST AUGUSTINE, Lectura in Evangelium Ioannis, C. 18, Lect. 6, n. 11. “We know things because they are, but they are because You know them.”

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God is the origin of all truth, since he is the first principle of the being of all things. See ST THOMAS AQUINAS, Contra Gentiles, I, Ch. 1

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Our task is to advance in the knowledge of truths to come closer to the truth of the One by essence, in whom the search for truth is required. See JOHN PAUL II, Fides et Ratio, no. 33