Hydrogen Bonding

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Hydrogen Bonding : 

Hydrogen Bonding By: Lynn Nguyen University of California-Davis Chemistry 8A Fall 2008

In my own words: : 

In my own words: Hydrogen bonding is a stronger force than van der Waals and dipole-dipole forces that bonds an electronegative atom, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine, with a hydrogen atom.

According to Essential Organic Chemistry: : 

According to Essential Organic Chemistry: Hydrogen bonding is an interaction between hydrogen bonded to an O, N, or F and a lone pair of an O, N, or F in another molecule.

Two examples where hydrogen bonding is evident: : 

Two examples where hydrogen bonding is evident: water molecules alkanes.

small group of water molecules, with arrows indicating the hydrogen bonds. : 

small group of water molecules, with arrows indicating the hydrogen bonds.

Alkanes-with hydrogen bonding on the C to H. : 

Alkanes-with hydrogen bonding on the C to H. **Methane and Octane

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA : 

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA Hydrogen bonding is important in our daily lives because it is what keep our DNA structure together. In the simplest explanation, the human DNA is comprised of a double helix made of four chemical base pairs—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases—A, G, T, C.

Double helix joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases—A, G, T, C. : 

Double helix joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases—A, G, T, C.

Slide 9: 

“Animation of the structure of a section of DNA. The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands.” Richard Wheeler

Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohol: : 

Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohol: Alcohol is a major component of lab related jobs as a reagent or solvent Alcohol is also used as a preservative for specimens and alcohol gels as hand sanitizers are becoming more common A very important example how alcohol is important in biological systems engineering is that alcohol is used to extract DNA.

DNA Extraction with Alcohol : 

DNA Extraction with Alcohol 1) Ethanol in RNase keeps RNA from degrading 2) The DNA sample is homogenized—breaking apart the DNA cells 3) The membrane lipids are removed with a detergent 4) The DNA sample is precipitated in cold ethanol or isopropanol because DNA is insoluble in alcohol and clings together forming a pellet 5) DNA pellet is further washed with ethanol and centrifuged to purify the DNA 6) DNA pellet is then air dried and resuspended in water or other desired buffer

Works Cited: : 

Works Cited: Bruice, Paula Yurkanis. Essential Organic Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. Decelles, Paul. Chemical Bonds. October 07, 2001. http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/chemistry/bonds.html (accessed November 30, 2008). Haplo group I mtDNA Genetic Genealogy . DNA explained. http://haplogroup-i.com/dna-explained/ (accessed December 1, 2008). Ophardt, Chrales. ORGANIC MOLECULE GEOMETRY. 2003. http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/209cistrans.html (accessed November 30, 2008). US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health & Human Services. "Genetics Home Reference Your Guide to Understanding Gnetic Conditions." What is DNA?- Genetics Home Reference:. November 21, 2008. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/basics/dna (accessed November 30, 2008). Wheeler, Richard. DNA. February 4 , 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna (accessed November 30, 2008).