Unplugged but Connected - Review of Contactless Energy Transfer Systems : Unplugged but Connected - Review of Contactless Energy Transfer Systems Marian P. Kazmierkowski (1),(2) Artur J. Moradewicz (2) (1) Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland; (2) Electrotechnical Institute ( IEl ), Warsaw, Poland 1
Outline : Outline Introduction Classification of CET systems Acoustic CET systems Light CET systems Capacitive CET systems Inductive CET systems (ICET) Basic converters for ICET Bidirectional ICET battery charger Summary and Conclusions 2
Introduction : Introduction The pioniering work by N. Tesla: „The Future of the Wireless Art.”, Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony , 1908, pp. 67-71 This technology becomes very popular in the past years: CET – Contactless (Contact-free) Energy Transfer CPT - Contactless (Contact-free) Power Transfer WPT – Wireless Power Transfer 3
Benefits of CET systems : Benefits of CET systems Elimination of cables and connector s Safety - spark and arc is eliminated Freedom of movement System simplification and reliability increase Reduction of vulnerability to mechanical damages Space savings 4
Applications : Applications Automotive industry Robotics and sensors Production machine s Automatic guided vehicles 5
Applications : Applications Inductive charging Biomedical Mobile devices When wired energy is not suitable 6
Classification of CET systems : Classification of CET systems 7
Acoustic CET systems : Acoustic CET systems Medium : air, living tissue , metal or other solid wall , etc . 8
Capacitive CET systems : Capacitive CET systems Energy is transferred via electrical field between Primary and Secondary plates Metal plates are coated with dielectric materials 9
Light (Optical) CET systems : Light (Optical) CET systems LPB – Laser Power Beaming system Medium: air 10
Inductive CET system : Inductive CET system 11
Overview of CET technologies : Overview of CET technologies T echnology ( Medium ) Converter switching frequency Outp u t Power Distance length E fficienc y Properties Typical Applications - [kHz] [W] [mm] [%] - - Acoustic ( Sound ) 20 - 100 0.0 1 - 1 0 0 0 0.2 – 1 1- 300 1 - 80 Strong directional . High distance / size When EM waves are not allowed Through - metal-wall Sensors nuclear techn. Biomedical Ultrasonic CET Light ( Optical EM) (10 12 ) 700-1400 nm 1 - 100 Long (m – km) 10 - 50 Laser beaming Long distance Thermal derating Space , and Terrestrial technolog. Biomedical Capacitive (Electric field) 100 kHz – several MHz 1 - 50 Low 0.1 – 0.5 50- 80 Matal penetration Reduced EMI Low standing power losses LED supply Mobile phones Playing robots Sensors Inductive ( Magnetic field) 20kHz – several MHz 1W – 200kW 0.2 - 2000 ≥ 80 - 95 High efficiency High EMI Low distanse / size No metal penetration abilities EV&Battery c hargers Robots & manipulators Cranes & AG-EV Mobile devices Sensors & actuators 12
Inductive CET systems (ICET) : Inductive CET systems (ICET) High power : Welding , Heating, Drives , Assembling , Battery charger Medium power : P eripherals Servo drives Actuators … Low power : Sensors, Communication devices , Electronics, … 13
Problems of ICET systems : Problems of ICET systems Weak coupling factor L ow magnetizing inductance Large leakage inductance Low er efficiency Limited output power range Unpredictible working conditions Coupling changes Interference from metalic objects - „field shielding“ EFFECT: high magnetizing current and high primary winding loss high flux leakage and high level EMC emissions 14
Half-bridge unipolar converter : Half-bridge unipolar converter 15
Half-bridge bipolar converter : Half-bridge bipolar converter 16
Full-bridge bipolar converter : Full-bridge bipolar converter 17
Three-phase bridge converter : Three-phase bridge converter 18
Variants of compensation circuits : Variants of compensation circuits 19
Basic parameters of comp. circuits : Basic parameters of comp. circuits SS Compensation SP Compensation Circuit Parameter s Voltage Transfer Function Resonan t Angular Frequency Resonant Capacitor Circuit Quality Factor Equivalent Load Resistance 20
Overview of ICET Control : Overview of ICET Control 21
Overview of ICET Control : Overview of ICET Control 22
Overview of ICET Control : Overview of ICET Control 23
Overview of ICET Control : Overview of ICET Control 24
ICET - multiple secondary winding : ICET - multiple secondary winding 25
ICET – cascaded transformers : ICET – cascaded transformers 26
ICET – sliding transformer : ICET – sliding transformer From the catalog VAHLE „CPS Contactlless power supply system” 27
ICET parameters of rotatable transformer : ICET parameters of rotatable transformer 28
PowerPoint Presentation: ICET parameters of coreless transformer 29
ICET – Battery charging system : ICET – Battery charging system 30
Charging time : Charging time Type of Charging Station *) Type of Grid Connection Normal Charging Single-Phase Grid Normal Charging Three-Phase Grid Fast Charging U=230V AC I=16A P=3,7kW U=400V AC I=32A P=22/43kW U=500V AC I=250A P=220kW U=600V DC I=400A P=240kW Charging time Capacity of Battery Pack (A) (B) (C) (C) 40kWh ca. 11h 60-120 min ca. 10 min ca. 10 min 20kWh ca. 5,5h 30-60 min ca. 5 min ca. 5 min 10kWh ca. 3h 15-30 min < 5min < 5min *) IEC 61851-1, VDE 0122-1 31
Bi-directional ICET for V2G system : Bi-directional ICET for V2G system Energy Flow Direction 32
Bi-directional ICET : Bi-directional ICET 33
View of 15kW ICET laboratory setup : View of 15kW ICET laboratory setup 34
Results of Inductive CET : Results of Inductive CET Simulation Experimental 35
Results of Inductive CET : Results of Inductive CET Simulation Experimental 36
Efficiency of Inductive CET : Efficiency of Inductive CET Experimental 37
Efficiency of Inductive CET : Efficiency of Inductive CET Experimental 17cm air gap 6 cm air gap 38
PowerPoint Presentation: 39 Results of Inductive CET Experimental CH1 – primary voltage CH2 – primary current 25 A/div CH3 – secondary current 25 A/div CH4 – secondary voltage M – primary power 10 kW/div o ver 30kW and 17cm air gap
Overview of Inductive CET : Overview of Inductive CET Transformer construction DC - AC converter Output Power Output Voltage Air Gap length Max. efficiency Application s Primary side Secondary side Topology Freq. [kHz] [W] [V] [mm] [%] - 1 Single winding ferrite core Single winding ferrite core Full bridge MOSFET/IGBT 20 - 100 1 - 150 kW 15 - 350 0.2 – 1 1- 300 ≥ 90 ≥ 80 Battery C hargers [11, 15, 17-20, 38, 39] 2 Single Coreless Triply ferrite core moving Flyback MOSFET 125 0.1 3.0 DC - Biomedical [28, 32] 3 Single winding ferrite Double ferrite rotating Full bridge MOSFET 100 1000 54 DC 0.25 - 2 ≥ 90 Biomedical [28, 32] 4 Single winding coreless Multi-winding ferrite core movable Full bridge MOSFET 80 2 x 240 240V 50 Hz 2 - 5 90 Multiple users, Mobile devices [5, 12, 13] 5 Single winding coreless Multi-winding coreless movable Full/Half Bridge MOSFET 120 Each load 0.01 5 - 15 1000 - 7000 - Industrial sensors and actuators, ABB [ 1,16-17, 27, 33-34] 6 Single winding ferrite core Single winding ferrite core rotatable/linear Full bridge IGBT 20-40 10 – 60 kW 3 x 230 AC 0.2 - 2 ≥ 92 Robots and manipulators [ 10,14, 25, 26] 7 Multiple winding coreless (Desktop) Single winding coreless movable Half bridge MOSFET 100 - 400 30 - 300 12 2 - 5 ≈ 90 Stationary (laptops, phone) or mobile actuators [ 3, 6, 7-9, 35-37] 40
Summary and Conclusion : Summary and Conclusion ● Contactless Energy Transfer (CET) techniques can be generally divided into four groups based on the medium used: acoustic , light (optical), capacitive and inductive coupling. ● The CET systems are used in power range from µW (sensors, actuators, biomedicine, etc.) till several hundred kW (cranes, electric vehicles, fast battery charging , etc. ) ● The efficiency of inductive CET systems operating at resonance frequency is in the range of 8 0-9 5 % for 10-40 cm distance ; ● There is no one standard solution of CET system s , every design has to consider several specific parameters and user conditions. ● Recently, the research trend favors inductive coupled CETs. It is possible, however, that acoustic and capacitive based CET techniques can offer a new interesting perspective for future research . 41
IEEE Transactions on Ind. Electronics Vol. 60, No. 1, 2013 : IEEE Transactions on Ind. Electronics Vol. 60, No. 1, 2013 The Special Session on CET systems with18 papers grouped into the following categories: A review paper on acoustic CET systems, Capacitive coupled CET systems, Novel control methods applied for CET systems: adaptive sliding mode, PLL based, etc, Modern inductive coupled CET systems with uni - and bi-directional energy flow direction, multiple and i ndividual users, etc. 42
CET systems : CET systems Thank you for your attention! 43