logging in or signing up History of plants use in medicine farawela Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 3826 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (12) Dislike it (0) Added: September 08, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 5 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: sameerbalodhi (11 month(s) ago) I like this & useful. how can i download ??? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: yeldamuge (16 month(s) ago) Hello very useful I would like to used it in my A-level class. Could you let me download this please? Thanks Saving..... 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Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: By Feryal Jamal Kherissat History of Plant Use in Medicine Slide 2: PROBLEM "I have an earache" SOLUTION 2000 BC- Here, eat this root. 1000 AD- That root is heathen, say this prayer. 1850 AD- That prayer is superstition, drink this potion. 1940 AD- That potion is snake oil, swallow this pill. 1985 AD- That pill is ineffective, take this antibiotic. 2000 AD- That antibiotic is artificial , here eat this root. Prehistoric times : Prehistoric times No one knows where or when plants first began to be used to treat disease. Accidental discovery of some new plant food that eased pain might have been the beginning of folk knowledge. Early evidence: the grave of a Neanderthal man buried 60,000 years ago →→ →→ Pollen analysis indicated that plants buried with the corpse were all of medicinal value. Slide 4: J. Leitava reports the discovery of pollen from plants lacking both “aromatic or decorative potential” in the burial sites of Homo neanderthalensis dated to ~60,000 years ago. These six plants are the source of demonstrably theraputic substances. Recorded history : Recorded history Earliest record 4,000 year old Sumerian clay tablet recorded numerous plant remedies. Cuneiform tablets recovered from the library of Ashurbanipal (circa 2000 BCE) contain detailed descriptions of the preparation of numerous remedies. Ancient Egypt : Ancient Egypt Wealth of knowledge in medicine. Physicians highly respected and very specialized. Several important medical papyri: Ebers Papyrus. Edwin Smith Papyrus. Hearst Papyrus. Kahun Gynecological Papyrus. Ancient Egyptian civilization left a wealth of information on medicinal plants and medical practice. The Ebers papyrus, written in Egypt in the 16th century B.C., include 22 therapeutic formulations that mention. : The Ebers papyrus, written in Egypt in the 16th century B.C., include 22 therapeutic formulations that mention. Garlic as an effective remedy for a variety of ailment including heart problems, headache, bites and worms. When cooked, garlic is beneficial for the cardiovascular system. These benefits are, at least in part, due to the sulfur compounds allicin and diallyl disulphide (DADS). Opium for its sedative and headache-curing properties. Slide 8: There were many skin afflictions, such as parasites, that occurred as a result of contact with the Nile waters. Worms and tuberculosis were also common, and were transmitted from their cattle. Tape worms were dealt with by an infusion of pomegranate root in water, which was strained and drunk. The alkaloids contained in it paralyzed the worms' nervous system, and they relinquished their hold. Slide 9: Pain relief →→→→ thyme Diuretics and laxatives →→→→ Dill, balsam apple, onions, parsley Asthma →→→→ sesame, frankincense Digestive aids →→→→ garlic, sandalwood, juniper, mint Breathe freshener →→→→ mint, caraway Chest pains →→→→ juniper, mustard seeds, aloe Headaches →→→→ aloe, poppy seeds Anesthetic →→→→ poppy seeds (also used for insomnia( Burns and skin diseases →→→→ aloe Epilepsy →→→→ camphor Vomiting →→→→ mustard seeds to induce it, mint to stop it Ancient China : Ancient China The Pun-tsao, a pharmacopoeia published around 1600. Contained thousands of herbal cures that are attributed to the works of Shen-nung, China's legendary Emperor who lived 4500 years ago. Emperor Shen-nung investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. Knowledge passed on orally for centuries. The Pen Tsao Kang Mu, or Great Herbal, comprised forty volumes describing several thousands of prescriptions Slide 11: In traditional Chinese herbology Ephedra is included in many herbal formulas used to treat cold and flu Ephedra is both a stimulant and a thermogenic; its biological effects are due to its ephedrine and pseudoephedrine content. These compounds stimulate the brain, increase heart rate hear, constrict blood vessels and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, evidenced by an increase in body heat. Ephedra viridis (Mormon Tea( Slide 12: Interestingly, the eastern herb Artemisia annua L. (wormwood), used in China since antiquity to treat fevers, is the source of the modern drug qinghaosu (Artemisinin) which shows great promise as a modern anti-malarial compound. It is tolerated much better than “traditional” antimalarials and resistance to its effects have not been described. Artemisia annua L. qinghaosu (Artemisinin) Slide 13: Ginkgo Biloba leaves in ancient Chinese medicine still today used to treat: Alzheimer’s/dementia Cardiovascular disease it is widely used due primarily to its ability to improve blood flow to the brain as well as its antioxidant properties. The benefits also include improvement in social behavior, cognitive functions, and feelings of depression. Ginkgo has also been proven to help those with retinal problems and is widely known as a "brain herb" that is taken by those who want to boost memory and overall cognitive abilities Ancient India : Ancient India Herbal medicine dates back several thousand years to the Rig-Veda, the collection of Hindu sacred verses. This is the basis of a health care system known as Ayurvedic medicine. Ayurvedic herbs Slide 15: One useful plant that has come from Ayurvedic tradition is snakeroot, Rauwolfia serpentina. Because the roots resembled the shape of snakes, it was used as a remedy for snakebites. In addition, it was used to treat mental illness. Teas made from infusions of the root were even used to induce meditative states. By 1957, 1500 paper on the use of snakeroot for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses were published. Used today, in reserpine, to treat high blood pressure. Rauwolfia serpentina Antiquity to the modern era : Antiquity to the modern era The ancients considered disease a consequence of demonic possession, or the wrath of god. Thus, in ancient times, the treatment of illness with natural products was invariably accompanied by religious rituals deemed essential to the healing process. Some aspects of modern treatment continue to involve ritual. Foundations of western medicine : Foundations of western medicine These ancient records indicate that in all parts of the world native peoples discovered and developed medicinal uses of local plants. Herbal medicine of ancient Greece laid the foundations of Western medicine. Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), the Father of Medicine used various herbal remedies in his treatments. Theophrastus - Father of Botany. Roman physician Dioscorides (1st century A.D.) wrote De Materia Medica which contained an account of over 600 species of plants with medicinal value. De Materia Medica : De Materia Medica Pharmacopoeia which was universally used in the Greek, Roman and Arab worlds from the 2nd century till 16th. In De Materia Medica, Dioscorides listed 600 plants, 90 minerals and 30 animal products, with a drawing of each one and a note of its therapeutic properties. Illustrations from De Materia Medica Slide 19: Descriptions of plants, directions on the preparation, uses, and side effects. Many of the herbal remedies used by the Greeks and Romans were effective treatments that have become incorporated into modern medicine Many still in use willow bark tea --- was used to treat gout and other ailments. Contain Salicin converts into salicylic acid--- precursor to aspirin. Some have been lost Greek and Roman women used silphium as an effective contraceptive for 1,000 yrs - now extinct. willow bark tea Ancient silver coin from Cyrene depicting a stalk of Silphium. Silphium or Silphion : Silphium or Silphion A plant in the genus Ferula – parsley family. Related to giant fennel (not the cooking herb). Used by ancient women for contraception. During Greek and Roman Civilization, rare plant growing in a narrow 30 mile band along the dry mountain sides facing the Mediterranean Sea in northern Africa near the city of Cyrene (area is now part of Libya) Slide 21: Apsynthion Bathyprikon ( Artemisia absinthium: Wormwood) Recommended for GI disorders, a remedy for jaundice, and a flavoring for absinthe(a popular summertime drink) Suggested use in clothes drawers to repel moths and mice. Physallis ( Physalis alkekengi: Physalis, or Winter-cherry or Chinese lanterns) Dioscorides prescribed stem as a sedative and its berries as diuretics Mixed with honey, Physalis was said to improve eyesight; with wine, it supposedly cured toothache. Slide 22: Mandrake (mandragora) Used as a pain-killer Used as an anesthetic before operations The root primarily was used, but also the leaves and berries. Slide 23: Vervain (verbena) recommended for female reproductive problems; used today for anxiety and stress After Fall of Rome : After Fall of Rome Little new knowledge was added in Europe during the Dark Ages. De Materia Medica was copied and recopied: New illustrations Translations into other languages Annotations Some of the most famous copies made during this time. Knowledge added in Arab world. During the Middle Ages : During the Middle Ages Western knowledge preserved in monasteries. Manuscripts were translated or copied for monastery libraries. The monks gathered herbs in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens →→→→These were prepared for the sick and injured. Monastery gardens still may be found in many countries. Reconstructed near Norton Priory in England Resembles garden from 1134 Herbs ground and mixed with: ale, milk, vinegar or honey to make medicine. Leaves mixed in butter to make skin ointments. Examples of herbs are mandrake, sage, rue, and saffron. The First Apothecary Shops : The First Apothecary Shops First drug stores established by Moslems in Bagdad late in the 8th century. The dispensary was made of Sandal wood and named "Sandalia". Arab physicians not only preserved the Greco-Roman wisdom, but added to it. When the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and southern France, some of their practices were introduced to Europe. Crusades introduced more Islamic plant knowledge and practices back to Europe Islamic Contribution : Islamic Contribution In Islamic writings were found the first beginnings of chemistry, the name of which is derived from an Arabic word "Kemia"; as were also such familiar words alcohol and alkali. The Arabs added numerous new plants and medicaments to those already known to the Greeks and Romans. In their days, pharmacy attained its highest reputation and became an independent branch of medicine. 16th centaury chemistry laboratory Slide 28: Later in the medieval Islamic world Muslim botanists and Muslim physicians significantly expanded on the earlier knowledge of materia medica. For example; Al-Dinawari described more than 637 plant drugs in the 9th century. Ibn al-'Awwam described 585 microbiological culture of which concern fruit trees. Ibn al-Baitar described more than 1,400 different plants, foods and drugs, over 300 of which were his own original discoveries, in the 13th centur. The experimental scientific method was introduced into the field of materia medica in the 13th century by the Arab botanist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, he separated unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. Slide 29: Dioscorides: Materia Medica, c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes medicinal features of cumin and dill. Slide 30: Hindiba: A drug for cancer treatment in Muslim heritage Dioscorides: Materia Medica, copy in Arabic, describes medicinal features of cultivated and uncultivated hindiba. Hindiba as illustrated in Kitab min al tibb / (Al ahkami) Slide 31: Ibn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), a Persian who was called Avicenna by the Western world. His pharmaceutical and medical teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century. His "Canoon Fi Elteb" has been described as the most famous medical text ever written and as having dominated the medical schools of Europe and Asia and served as the chief source of medical knowledge for 5 centuries, till the 15th century. Slide 32: Ibn Al-Baitar (1197-1248 A.C.) was the best Arabian pharmacognosist and botanist and ranked with Dioscorides in that respect. His book "Jame-ul-Muffradat" contains description of 2000 drugs. Sheikh Dawood El-Antaki wrote a book named "Tazkaret Uli Al-Albab", now known as "Tazkaret Dawood Alantaki" which describes several hundred herbs besides drugs of animal and mineral origin. Herbs In Hadith : Herbs In Hadith Ginger Oleoresins volatile oil and proteolytic enzymes, are stimulants that trigger the production of digestive fluids and ease stomach problems (queasiness and improper digestion(. Has hypo-cholesterolemic: reducing both serum cholesterol and cholesterol stored in the liver →→ folk usage as a blood purifier and a detoxification herb. The phenolic oleoresins in bark are highly anti-micorbial (colds, flu and coughs). Zingiber officinale Slide 34: Thyme The antiseptic abilities (volatile phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol) make it ideal in combating bad breath, gum disease, gastric problems caused by viruses or bacteria. Used as an insect repellent. Relieving pain (headaches, menstrual pain, abdominal cramps and stomachaches(. ٍShould not be used by pregnant women or by children as it can act as a uterine stimulant and is toxic in high doses. Thymus vulgaris Slide 35: Basil (myrtle) contains estragol, lineol and camphor, which act as lung and stomach tonics. Camphor is a powerful pain reliever so basil is often used for headaches, insect bites and other painful ailments. Since it can stimulate the adrenal cortex, it is often used in anti-depressant formulas. Basil also contains antibacterial compounds (colds, flu). Ocimum basilicum Slide 36: Black Seed Seed to be high in protein, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, vitamins A, B1, B2, C and niacin as well as calcium, potassium and iron. It also provides many of the same nutrients that the FDA recommends to help prevent disease and slow down the aging process. Antihistamine, antioxidant, antibiotic, antimycotic and broncho-dilating effects. For digestive problems - to "dry up" a soggy stomach, ease colic pain, expel intestinal worms. The warmth of black seed also increases the flow of all fluids in the body including blood, urine, a nursing mother's milk and weak or halted menses Nigella sativa Slide 37: Fenugreek Fixed oils used to lower blood cholesterol and provide strength to the body systems (heart, lungs and digestive system(. The trigonelline has been proven to have a hypoglycemic effect and diabetes as well as fatigue. Contains saponins and sapogenins, essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones and related drugs. For this same reason, fenugreek has been used from halting painful menses to promoting lactation in new mothers Trigonella foenum-graecum Age of herbals : Age of herbals Beginning of Renaissance in the early 15th century saw a renewal of learning in all fields. Botanically - revival of herbalism for medicinal plants. Coupled with the invention of the printing press in 1440 ushered in the Age of Herbals. Beautifully illustrated books that described plants. When to collect, useful parts. Medicinal and culinary uses. Also included a lot of misinformation and superstition. Often advocated the Doctrine of Signatures. Doctrine of Signatures : Doctrine of Signatures Medicinal use recognized by distinct "signatures" visible on the plant which corresponded to human anatomy: Red juice of bloodwort to treat blood disorders. Lobed appearance of liverworts to aid the liver. Walnuts treat brain disorders. Hepatica with its kidney-shaped leaves for kidney diseases bloodwort liverworts Walnuts Hepatica Slide 41: Belief in this concept developed independently among different cultures. During this time, medical schools were established in Europe. Study of both medicine and botany. Medical students knew the herbs. These were the early botanists Slide 42: Many herbal remedies had a sound scientific basis. Some became useful prescriptions drugs. Path to modern medicine 18th Century : 18th Century William Withering was the first to scientifically investigate a folk remedy: His studies (1775-1785) of foxglove to treat dropsy (congestive heart failure) set standard for pharmaceutical chemistry As science progressed, a dichotomy in medicine developed between practitioners of herbal medicine and regular physicians. About this same time a similar split occurred between herbalism and scientific botany. Slide 44: For example, the purple foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was one of twenty herbs used in a folk remedy to treat dropsy* in 17th century in England. From the leaves of this plant was isolated the cardiac glycoside digitoxin, a drug still used today to treat heart failure. * An old term for the swelling of soft tissues due to the accumulation of excess water. Slide 45: For example, Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca) Leaves from tree – native to South America – north central Andes. Found in 3,000 y.o. burial site. Chewing leaves – gives very small dose of drug. 1860 – cocaine extracted, very popular (Dr. Sigmund Freud). Cocaine = weak acid Crack = the base form of the drug. 19th Century : 19th Century Scientists began purifying the active extracts from medicinal plants. Breakthrough in pharmaceutical chemistry came when Serturner isolated morphine from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) in 1806. Ancient plant use (Sumerian records!) Derivates of alkaloids in poppy latex: Opium, codeine, heroin, morphine. First synthetic drugs were developed in the middle of the 19th century based on natural products. 20th Century : 20th Century Direct use of plant extracts continued to decrease in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today medicinal plants still contribute significantly to prescription drugs. 25% of prescriptions written in the U.S. contain plant-derived active ingredients (aspirin, codeine, digitalis, taxol, etc…). 50% if fungal products are included. An even larger percent based on semi-synthetic or wholly synthetic ingredients originally isolated from plants. Slide 48: Western Medicine vs Herbal Medicine Only isolated chemicals used in prescription drugs Uses the entire plant -- a complex mix of chemicals Molecule designed for a specific target in the human body Action of whole plants sometimes more than the sum of its chemical parts = synergy Slide 49: Only interested in drugs that can be patented. Why spend millions of dollars researching herbs when a company cannot patent the plant? Are cures for diseases sitting in your backyard? Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Western Medicine Late 20th to early 21st centuries : Late 20th to early 21st centuries Renewed interest in investigating plants for medically useful compounds. Dramatic increase in the use of alternative medical treatments: Complementary and Alternative Medicine – CAM. Refers to a wide range of therapies outside the mainstream of traditional Western medicine: aromatherapy, acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic manipulation, herbal medicine, hypnosis, and massage therapy. Slide 51: The leaves of the yew are now used to produce a drug which inhibits cancer cell growth permanently, called taxol. Leaves, bark and seeds are poisonous. The flesh of the berries can be used as a laxative and a diuretic. CAM : CAM Plants and plant extracts (often called botanicals) figure prominently in alternative treatments: herbal remedies. Aromatherapy. Herbal Market – $20 billion world market Sales of herbal remedies amount to approximately $3.8 billion per year in the U.S. and constitute close to 30% of the total sales for dietary supplements. Traditional (herbal) medicine today : Traditional (herbal) medicine today Running total of the number of research papers listed on PubMed from 1990-2007 containing the word "phytotherapy 75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health care. Medicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village markets. Practitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies People's Republic of China : People's Republic of China Traditional herbal medicine incorporated into a modern health care system. Blend of herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Western medicine. Thousands of species of medicinal herbs are available for the Chinese herbalist. Chinese apothecaries contain an incredible assortment of dried plant specimens. Prescriptions filled with blends of specific herbs Slide 55: In recent decades, Chinese medicine’s holistic approach to health has made it increasingly popular with people living in Western countries. This means that: China’s traditional medicinal products have become a valuable potential economic resource. Age-old products are being scientifically scrutinized as never before to bring them in-line with the demands of modern medical practices and standard. Slide 56: Since 1996 China’s Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD) in Beijing working on ways to preserve and support the use of the country’s rich heritage of medicinal plants. To make their work even more relevant to the needs of a fast-developing country, IMPLAD directed its 1996-1999 programe towards the joint goals of sustainable development and environmental protection. Slide 57: 1. Cultivation of Chinese medicinal plants aimed at establishing A germplasm- and gene-pool for medicinal plants. Development of large-scale farms where medicinal plants can be cultivated. Establishment of manufacturing centers to process medicinal plants in an environmentally friendly way. The ambitious series of projects was divided into three main sections, each with a wide range of aims: Slide 58: Research and development of new drugs aimed at conducting research to find out the chemistry of natural products; testing on animals; and conducting clinical tests. Research and development of traditional medicine aimed at establishing effective dosage methods and quantities for Chinese plant products: Identifying the plants used. Uncovering the bioactive ingredients that make those plants medically useful. improving quality standards. Advancing the equipment and methods used to process the plants into medical products. India : India Traditional systems separate from Western medicine. At universities medical students are trained in Western medicine. Most people use traditional systems: Ayurvedic medicine - Hindu origin Unani medicine - Muslim and Greek origin Economics also a factor - manufactured pharmaceuticals too expensive for most Other areas : Other areas Interest in medicinal plants has focused on indigenous peoples in many parts of the world. Ethnobotanists are spending time with local tribes and learning their medical lore before they are lost forever. Other areas : Other areas Especially important among native peoples in the tropical rain forests: Widespread destruction threatens to eliminate thousands of species that have never been scientifically investigated for medical potential. Erosion of tribal cultures is also a threat to the knowledge of herbal practices. As younger members of native groups are drawn away from tribal lifestyles, oral traditions are not passed on. WHO encourages the practice and improvement of traditional medicine : WHO encourages the practice and improvement of traditional medicine 75 to 85% of the world’s people still rely on traditional medicine to provide basic healthcare. The native materia medica, derived from locally available medicinal plants, is the mainstay of this grass-roots ethnomedical system. Documentation of these folk pharmacopoeias can expand the traditional healer’s place in world. Diagnostic criteria and diseases in conventional medicine need to be correlated with those in traditional medicine Slide 63: Thank you You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
History of plants use in medicine farawela Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 3826 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (12) Dislike it (0) Added: September 08, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 5 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: sameerbalodhi (11 month(s) ago) I like this & useful. how can i download ??? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: yeldamuge (16 month(s) ago) Hello very useful I would like to used it in my A-level class. Could you let me download this please? Thanks Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: nmanimekalai (16 month(s) ago) I like the presentation and it is very useful to understand the medicinal values of our system of traditional health practices. Pl allow me to down load. N.Manimekalai Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: aspirinkingdom (22 month(s) ago) Hello: Please allow the download option. I think this is one of the best presentations dealing with herbal plants I have ever seen. I need some photos in your presentation for my proposal. Thanks in advance. Best; Hussien Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: varcasue (29 month(s) ago) Hi there. I wonder whether you might allow me to download your most brilliant powerpoint as I am a student studying ethnomedicine. Thanks. Sue Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: By Feryal Jamal Kherissat History of Plant Use in Medicine Slide 2: PROBLEM "I have an earache" SOLUTION 2000 BC- Here, eat this root. 1000 AD- That root is heathen, say this prayer. 1850 AD- That prayer is superstition, drink this potion. 1940 AD- That potion is snake oil, swallow this pill. 1985 AD- That pill is ineffective, take this antibiotic. 2000 AD- That antibiotic is artificial , here eat this root. Prehistoric times : Prehistoric times No one knows where or when plants first began to be used to treat disease. Accidental discovery of some new plant food that eased pain might have been the beginning of folk knowledge. Early evidence: the grave of a Neanderthal man buried 60,000 years ago →→ →→ Pollen analysis indicated that plants buried with the corpse were all of medicinal value. Slide 4: J. Leitava reports the discovery of pollen from plants lacking both “aromatic or decorative potential” in the burial sites of Homo neanderthalensis dated to ~60,000 years ago. These six plants are the source of demonstrably theraputic substances. Recorded history : Recorded history Earliest record 4,000 year old Sumerian clay tablet recorded numerous plant remedies. Cuneiform tablets recovered from the library of Ashurbanipal (circa 2000 BCE) contain detailed descriptions of the preparation of numerous remedies. Ancient Egypt : Ancient Egypt Wealth of knowledge in medicine. Physicians highly respected and very specialized. Several important medical papyri: Ebers Papyrus. Edwin Smith Papyrus. Hearst Papyrus. Kahun Gynecological Papyrus. Ancient Egyptian civilization left a wealth of information on medicinal plants and medical practice. The Ebers papyrus, written in Egypt in the 16th century B.C., include 22 therapeutic formulations that mention. : The Ebers papyrus, written in Egypt in the 16th century B.C., include 22 therapeutic formulations that mention. Garlic as an effective remedy for a variety of ailment including heart problems, headache, bites and worms. When cooked, garlic is beneficial for the cardiovascular system. These benefits are, at least in part, due to the sulfur compounds allicin and diallyl disulphide (DADS). Opium for its sedative and headache-curing properties. Slide 8: There were many skin afflictions, such as parasites, that occurred as a result of contact with the Nile waters. Worms and tuberculosis were also common, and were transmitted from their cattle. Tape worms were dealt with by an infusion of pomegranate root in water, which was strained and drunk. The alkaloids contained in it paralyzed the worms' nervous system, and they relinquished their hold. Slide 9: Pain relief →→→→ thyme Diuretics and laxatives →→→→ Dill, balsam apple, onions, parsley Asthma →→→→ sesame, frankincense Digestive aids →→→→ garlic, sandalwood, juniper, mint Breathe freshener →→→→ mint, caraway Chest pains →→→→ juniper, mustard seeds, aloe Headaches →→→→ aloe, poppy seeds Anesthetic →→→→ poppy seeds (also used for insomnia( Burns and skin diseases →→→→ aloe Epilepsy →→→→ camphor Vomiting →→→→ mustard seeds to induce it, mint to stop it Ancient China : Ancient China The Pun-tsao, a pharmacopoeia published around 1600. Contained thousands of herbal cures that are attributed to the works of Shen-nung, China's legendary Emperor who lived 4500 years ago. Emperor Shen-nung investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. Knowledge passed on orally for centuries. The Pen Tsao Kang Mu, or Great Herbal, comprised forty volumes describing several thousands of prescriptions Slide 11: In traditional Chinese herbology Ephedra is included in many herbal formulas used to treat cold and flu Ephedra is both a stimulant and a thermogenic; its biological effects are due to its ephedrine and pseudoephedrine content. These compounds stimulate the brain, increase heart rate hear, constrict blood vessels and expand bronchial tubes (making breathing easier). Their thermogenic properties cause an increase in metabolism, evidenced by an increase in body heat. Ephedra viridis (Mormon Tea( Slide 12: Interestingly, the eastern herb Artemisia annua L. (wormwood), used in China since antiquity to treat fevers, is the source of the modern drug qinghaosu (Artemisinin) which shows great promise as a modern anti-malarial compound. It is tolerated much better than “traditional” antimalarials and resistance to its effects have not been described. Artemisia annua L. qinghaosu (Artemisinin) Slide 13: Ginkgo Biloba leaves in ancient Chinese medicine still today used to treat: Alzheimer’s/dementia Cardiovascular disease it is widely used due primarily to its ability to improve blood flow to the brain as well as its antioxidant properties. The benefits also include improvement in social behavior, cognitive functions, and feelings of depression. Ginkgo has also been proven to help those with retinal problems and is widely known as a "brain herb" that is taken by those who want to boost memory and overall cognitive abilities Ancient India : Ancient India Herbal medicine dates back several thousand years to the Rig-Veda, the collection of Hindu sacred verses. This is the basis of a health care system known as Ayurvedic medicine. Ayurvedic herbs Slide 15: One useful plant that has come from Ayurvedic tradition is snakeroot, Rauwolfia serpentina. Because the roots resembled the shape of snakes, it was used as a remedy for snakebites. In addition, it was used to treat mental illness. Teas made from infusions of the root were even used to induce meditative states. By 1957, 1500 paper on the use of snakeroot for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses were published. Used today, in reserpine, to treat high blood pressure. Rauwolfia serpentina Antiquity to the modern era : Antiquity to the modern era The ancients considered disease a consequence of demonic possession, or the wrath of god. Thus, in ancient times, the treatment of illness with natural products was invariably accompanied by religious rituals deemed essential to the healing process. Some aspects of modern treatment continue to involve ritual. Foundations of western medicine : Foundations of western medicine These ancient records indicate that in all parts of the world native peoples discovered and developed medicinal uses of local plants. Herbal medicine of ancient Greece laid the foundations of Western medicine. Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), the Father of Medicine used various herbal remedies in his treatments. Theophrastus - Father of Botany. Roman physician Dioscorides (1st century A.D.) wrote De Materia Medica which contained an account of over 600 species of plants with medicinal value. De Materia Medica : De Materia Medica Pharmacopoeia which was universally used in the Greek, Roman and Arab worlds from the 2nd century till 16th. In De Materia Medica, Dioscorides listed 600 plants, 90 minerals and 30 animal products, with a drawing of each one and a note of its therapeutic properties. Illustrations from De Materia Medica Slide 19: Descriptions of plants, directions on the preparation, uses, and side effects. Many of the herbal remedies used by the Greeks and Romans were effective treatments that have become incorporated into modern medicine Many still in use willow bark tea --- was used to treat gout and other ailments. Contain Salicin converts into salicylic acid--- precursor to aspirin. Some have been lost Greek and Roman women used silphium as an effective contraceptive for 1,000 yrs - now extinct. willow bark tea Ancient silver coin from Cyrene depicting a stalk of Silphium. Silphium or Silphion : Silphium or Silphion A plant in the genus Ferula – parsley family. Related to giant fennel (not the cooking herb). Used by ancient women for contraception. During Greek and Roman Civilization, rare plant growing in a narrow 30 mile band along the dry mountain sides facing the Mediterranean Sea in northern Africa near the city of Cyrene (area is now part of Libya) Slide 21: Apsynthion Bathyprikon ( Artemisia absinthium: Wormwood) Recommended for GI disorders, a remedy for jaundice, and a flavoring for absinthe(a popular summertime drink) Suggested use in clothes drawers to repel moths and mice. Physallis ( Physalis alkekengi: Physalis, or Winter-cherry or Chinese lanterns) Dioscorides prescribed stem as a sedative and its berries as diuretics Mixed with honey, Physalis was said to improve eyesight; with wine, it supposedly cured toothache. Slide 22: Mandrake (mandragora) Used as a pain-killer Used as an anesthetic before operations The root primarily was used, but also the leaves and berries. Slide 23: Vervain (verbena) recommended for female reproductive problems; used today for anxiety and stress After Fall of Rome : After Fall of Rome Little new knowledge was added in Europe during the Dark Ages. De Materia Medica was copied and recopied: New illustrations Translations into other languages Annotations Some of the most famous copies made during this time. Knowledge added in Arab world. During the Middle Ages : During the Middle Ages Western knowledge preserved in monasteries. Manuscripts were translated or copied for monastery libraries. The monks gathered herbs in the field, or raised them in their own herb gardens →→→→These were prepared for the sick and injured. Monastery gardens still may be found in many countries. Reconstructed near Norton Priory in England Resembles garden from 1134 Herbs ground and mixed with: ale, milk, vinegar or honey to make medicine. Leaves mixed in butter to make skin ointments. Examples of herbs are mandrake, sage, rue, and saffron. The First Apothecary Shops : The First Apothecary Shops First drug stores established by Moslems in Bagdad late in the 8th century. The dispensary was made of Sandal wood and named "Sandalia". Arab physicians not only preserved the Greco-Roman wisdom, but added to it. When the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and southern France, some of their practices were introduced to Europe. Crusades introduced more Islamic plant knowledge and practices back to Europe Islamic Contribution : Islamic Contribution In Islamic writings were found the first beginnings of chemistry, the name of which is derived from an Arabic word "Kemia"; as were also such familiar words alcohol and alkali. The Arabs added numerous new plants and medicaments to those already known to the Greeks and Romans. In their days, pharmacy attained its highest reputation and became an independent branch of medicine. 16th centaury chemistry laboratory Slide 28: Later in the medieval Islamic world Muslim botanists and Muslim physicians significantly expanded on the earlier knowledge of materia medica. For example; Al-Dinawari described more than 637 plant drugs in the 9th century. Ibn al-'Awwam described 585 microbiological culture of which concern fruit trees. Ibn al-Baitar described more than 1,400 different plants, foods and drugs, over 300 of which were his own original discoveries, in the 13th centur. The experimental scientific method was introduced into the field of materia medica in the 13th century by the Arab botanist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, he separated unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations. Slide 29: Dioscorides: Materia Medica, c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes medicinal features of cumin and dill. Slide 30: Hindiba: A drug for cancer treatment in Muslim heritage Dioscorides: Materia Medica, copy in Arabic, describes medicinal features of cultivated and uncultivated hindiba. Hindiba as illustrated in Kitab min al tibb / (Al ahkami) Slide 31: Ibn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), a Persian who was called Avicenna by the Western world. His pharmaceutical and medical teachings were accepted as authority in the West until the 17th century. His "Canoon Fi Elteb" has been described as the most famous medical text ever written and as having dominated the medical schools of Europe and Asia and served as the chief source of medical knowledge for 5 centuries, till the 15th century. Slide 32: Ibn Al-Baitar (1197-1248 A.C.) was the best Arabian pharmacognosist and botanist and ranked with Dioscorides in that respect. His book "Jame-ul-Muffradat" contains description of 2000 drugs. Sheikh Dawood El-Antaki wrote a book named "Tazkaret Uli Al-Albab", now known as "Tazkaret Dawood Alantaki" which describes several hundred herbs besides drugs of animal and mineral origin. Herbs In Hadith : Herbs In Hadith Ginger Oleoresins volatile oil and proteolytic enzymes, are stimulants that trigger the production of digestive fluids and ease stomach problems (queasiness and improper digestion(. Has hypo-cholesterolemic: reducing both serum cholesterol and cholesterol stored in the liver →→ folk usage as a blood purifier and a detoxification herb. The phenolic oleoresins in bark are highly anti-micorbial (colds, flu and coughs). Zingiber officinale Slide 34: Thyme The antiseptic abilities (volatile phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol) make it ideal in combating bad breath, gum disease, gastric problems caused by viruses or bacteria. Used as an insect repellent. Relieving pain (headaches, menstrual pain, abdominal cramps and stomachaches(. ٍShould not be used by pregnant women or by children as it can act as a uterine stimulant and is toxic in high doses. Thymus vulgaris Slide 35: Basil (myrtle) contains estragol, lineol and camphor, which act as lung and stomach tonics. Camphor is a powerful pain reliever so basil is often used for headaches, insect bites and other painful ailments. Since it can stimulate the adrenal cortex, it is often used in anti-depressant formulas. Basil also contains antibacterial compounds (colds, flu). Ocimum basilicum Slide 36: Black Seed Seed to be high in protein, carbohydrates, essential fatty acids, vitamins A, B1, B2, C and niacin as well as calcium, potassium and iron. It also provides many of the same nutrients that the FDA recommends to help prevent disease and slow down the aging process. Antihistamine, antioxidant, antibiotic, antimycotic and broncho-dilating effects. For digestive problems - to "dry up" a soggy stomach, ease colic pain, expel intestinal worms. The warmth of black seed also increases the flow of all fluids in the body including blood, urine, a nursing mother's milk and weak or halted menses Nigella sativa Slide 37: Fenugreek Fixed oils used to lower blood cholesterol and provide strength to the body systems (heart, lungs and digestive system(. The trigonelline has been proven to have a hypoglycemic effect and diabetes as well as fatigue. Contains saponins and sapogenins, essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones and related drugs. For this same reason, fenugreek has been used from halting painful menses to promoting lactation in new mothers Trigonella foenum-graecum Age of herbals : Age of herbals Beginning of Renaissance in the early 15th century saw a renewal of learning in all fields. Botanically - revival of herbalism for medicinal plants. Coupled with the invention of the printing press in 1440 ushered in the Age of Herbals. Beautifully illustrated books that described plants. When to collect, useful parts. Medicinal and culinary uses. Also included a lot of misinformation and superstition. Often advocated the Doctrine of Signatures. Doctrine of Signatures : Doctrine of Signatures Medicinal use recognized by distinct "signatures" visible on the plant which corresponded to human anatomy: Red juice of bloodwort to treat blood disorders. Lobed appearance of liverworts to aid the liver. Walnuts treat brain disorders. Hepatica with its kidney-shaped leaves for kidney diseases bloodwort liverworts Walnuts Hepatica Slide 41: Belief in this concept developed independently among different cultures. During this time, medical schools were established in Europe. Study of both medicine and botany. Medical students knew the herbs. These were the early botanists Slide 42: Many herbal remedies had a sound scientific basis. Some became useful prescriptions drugs. Path to modern medicine 18th Century : 18th Century William Withering was the first to scientifically investigate a folk remedy: His studies (1775-1785) of foxglove to treat dropsy (congestive heart failure) set standard for pharmaceutical chemistry As science progressed, a dichotomy in medicine developed between practitioners of herbal medicine and regular physicians. About this same time a similar split occurred between herbalism and scientific botany. Slide 44: For example, the purple foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, was one of twenty herbs used in a folk remedy to treat dropsy* in 17th century in England. From the leaves of this plant was isolated the cardiac glycoside digitoxin, a drug still used today to treat heart failure. * An old term for the swelling of soft tissues due to the accumulation of excess water. Slide 45: For example, Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca) Leaves from tree – native to South America – north central Andes. Found in 3,000 y.o. burial site. Chewing leaves – gives very small dose of drug. 1860 – cocaine extracted, very popular (Dr. Sigmund Freud). Cocaine = weak acid Crack = the base form of the drug. 19th Century : 19th Century Scientists began purifying the active extracts from medicinal plants. Breakthrough in pharmaceutical chemistry came when Serturner isolated morphine from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) in 1806. Ancient plant use (Sumerian records!) Derivates of alkaloids in poppy latex: Opium, codeine, heroin, morphine. First synthetic drugs were developed in the middle of the 19th century based on natural products. 20th Century : 20th Century Direct use of plant extracts continued to decrease in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today medicinal plants still contribute significantly to prescription drugs. 25% of prescriptions written in the U.S. contain plant-derived active ingredients (aspirin, codeine, digitalis, taxol, etc…). 50% if fungal products are included. An even larger percent based on semi-synthetic or wholly synthetic ingredients originally isolated from plants. Slide 48: Western Medicine vs Herbal Medicine Only isolated chemicals used in prescription drugs Uses the entire plant -- a complex mix of chemicals Molecule designed for a specific target in the human body Action of whole plants sometimes more than the sum of its chemical parts = synergy Slide 49: Only interested in drugs that can be patented. Why spend millions of dollars researching herbs when a company cannot patent the plant? Are cures for diseases sitting in your backyard? Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Western Medicine Late 20th to early 21st centuries : Late 20th to early 21st centuries Renewed interest in investigating plants for medically useful compounds. Dramatic increase in the use of alternative medical treatments: Complementary and Alternative Medicine – CAM. Refers to a wide range of therapies outside the mainstream of traditional Western medicine: aromatherapy, acupuncture, biofeedback, chiropractic manipulation, herbal medicine, hypnosis, and massage therapy. Slide 51: The leaves of the yew are now used to produce a drug which inhibits cancer cell growth permanently, called taxol. Leaves, bark and seeds are poisonous. The flesh of the berries can be used as a laxative and a diuretic. CAM : CAM Plants and plant extracts (often called botanicals) figure prominently in alternative treatments: herbal remedies. Aromatherapy. Herbal Market – $20 billion world market Sales of herbal remedies amount to approximately $3.8 billion per year in the U.S. and constitute close to 30% of the total sales for dietary supplements. Traditional (herbal) medicine today : Traditional (herbal) medicine today Running total of the number of research papers listed on PubMed from 1990-2007 containing the word "phytotherapy 75%-90% of the population in developing nations rely on herbal medicine as their only health care. Medicinal herbs are sold alongside vegetables in village markets. Practitioners of herbal medicine undergo extensive training to learn the plants, their uses, and preparation of remedies People's Republic of China : People's Republic of China Traditional herbal medicine incorporated into a modern health care system. Blend of herbal medicine, acupuncture, and Western medicine. Thousands of species of medicinal herbs are available for the Chinese herbalist. Chinese apothecaries contain an incredible assortment of dried plant specimens. Prescriptions filled with blends of specific herbs Slide 55: In recent decades, Chinese medicine’s holistic approach to health has made it increasingly popular with people living in Western countries. This means that: China’s traditional medicinal products have become a valuable potential economic resource. Age-old products are being scientifically scrutinized as never before to bring them in-line with the demands of modern medical practices and standard. Slide 56: Since 1996 China’s Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD) in Beijing working on ways to preserve and support the use of the country’s rich heritage of medicinal plants. To make their work even more relevant to the needs of a fast-developing country, IMPLAD directed its 1996-1999 programe towards the joint goals of sustainable development and environmental protection. Slide 57: 1. Cultivation of Chinese medicinal plants aimed at establishing A germplasm- and gene-pool for medicinal plants. Development of large-scale farms where medicinal plants can be cultivated. Establishment of manufacturing centers to process medicinal plants in an environmentally friendly way. The ambitious series of projects was divided into three main sections, each with a wide range of aims: Slide 58: Research and development of new drugs aimed at conducting research to find out the chemistry of natural products; testing on animals; and conducting clinical tests. Research and development of traditional medicine aimed at establishing effective dosage methods and quantities for Chinese plant products: Identifying the plants used. Uncovering the bioactive ingredients that make those plants medically useful. improving quality standards. Advancing the equipment and methods used to process the plants into medical products. India : India Traditional systems separate from Western medicine. At universities medical students are trained in Western medicine. Most people use traditional systems: Ayurvedic medicine - Hindu origin Unani medicine - Muslim and Greek origin Economics also a factor - manufactured pharmaceuticals too expensive for most Other areas : Other areas Interest in medicinal plants has focused on indigenous peoples in many parts of the world. Ethnobotanists are spending time with local tribes and learning their medical lore before they are lost forever. Other areas : Other areas Especially important among native peoples in the tropical rain forests: Widespread destruction threatens to eliminate thousands of species that have never been scientifically investigated for medical potential. Erosion of tribal cultures is also a threat to the knowledge of herbal practices. As younger members of native groups are drawn away from tribal lifestyles, oral traditions are not passed on. WHO encourages the practice and improvement of traditional medicine : WHO encourages the practice and improvement of traditional medicine 75 to 85% of the world’s people still rely on traditional medicine to provide basic healthcare. The native materia medica, derived from locally available medicinal plants, is the mainstay of this grass-roots ethnomedical system. Documentation of these folk pharmacopoeias can expand the traditional healer’s place in world. Diagnostic criteria and diseases in conventional medicine need to be correlated with those in traditional medicine Slide 63: Thank you