logging in or signing up lavender farawela Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2281 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (23) Dislike it (0) Added: September 06, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 4 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: chuppi_2012 (4 days ago) I would like to download this ppt..very useful info..than ks for uploading this..... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: Sahana1996 (1 month(s) ago) sir let us download it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sragh (9 month(s) ago) kute download karne de na Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: thomasmth007 (9 month(s) ago) sir plz can i download Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: alanpayyalayil (9 month(s) ago) sir, can u plz allow me to download this??? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: By Feryal Jamal Kherissat Introduction : Introduction The name of lavender comes from the Latin word ‘lavare’ meaning ‘to wash’, and was used as a ritual bathing herb in ancient Rome. Native to the Mediterranean region. The native range extends across the: Canary Island. North and East Africa. South Europ. Mediterranean, Arabia. India. Order :Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Lavandula Slide 3: Lavender, the common name of the genus Lavandula, is an herb closely related to rosemary, sage, and thyme. It is a summer flowering perennial shrub with flower colors that typically range from deep purple to pale blue, and also includes some pink, yellow, green, and white varieties. There are 39 species of Lavandula, with cultivars numbering in the hundreds. Morphology : Morphology Lavenders are herbs and shrubs growing to 1–2 m tall. . Leaves opposite, whorled and simple, with no stipules. The leaves can be entirely or deeply dissected, and are often absent in some of the Arabian species. Flowers are bisexual, usually 2-lipped (upper lip with 2 lobes, lower lip with 3 lobes. Fruit (1cm) Seed (5mm) Slide 5: Infloresence - main stem with flowers in whorls (infloresence a spike or raceme) flowers +/- pedicels. Often with short-stalked epidermal glands containing essential oils The calyx is (two-lipped) bilabiate used to diagnose both sections and species. coma Classification : Classification Slide 7: Lavandula →→→ English-true Three species and two hybrids native to Central and south-west Europe. Dentatae →→→ French One species native to the Mediterranean Basin, south-western Arabian and north-east Africa. Stoechas →→→ Spanish Three species native to the Mediterranean Basin and their hybrids known predominantly from cultivation. Pterostochas →→→ Sixteen species native to the Atlantic Islands, the Mediterranean Basin, southern Europe, North Africa and south-west Asia. Slide 8: Subnudae →→→ Arabian Ten species native to South Arabia and Somalia. Chaetostacys →→→ Fernleaf Two species native to Central and South India. Hasikensis →→→ Two species native to Oman and Iran. Sabaudia →→→ Two species native to Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt and Eritrea. Slide 9: Propagation: Layering. Cuttings taken in summer. Division of root. Seed. Needs: Full sun. Well-drained soil (sandy loam) in sheltered position. Trim back by one-third to half in early spring to encourage flower production. Harvest: While flowers are in full bud and just before opening. Hang upside down in bunches in a dry dark room. All hybrids are sterile. Lavandin ( Lavendula hybrids) does not produce fertile seed and cannot reproduce naturally.For cultivation, the plants have to be cloned Slide 10: Harvesting lavender by hand: bundles Are temporarily piled on top of plants. Hanging lavender to dry (fans used for air movement). Slide 12: History of usage of Lavandula species Slide 13: Ancient Egypt: Found lavender unguent in the tomb of Tutankhamen. lavender were used only by the royal families and high priests in cosmetics, massage oils, and medicines. Wealthy men would put solid cones of lavender unguent on their heads, which, as it melted, covered their bodies with perfume. Greek: Unlike the ancient Egyptians who anointed their heads, the Greek philosopher Diogenes preferred to anoint his feet instead saying, “When you anoint your head with perfume, it flies away in the air and birds only get the benefit of it, whilst if I rub it on my lower limbs it envelopes my whole body and gratefully ascends to my nose." Slide 14: Rome: Lavender when taken internally relieved indigestion, headaches and sore throats. Externally, lavender could be used to clean wounds and burns or treat skin ailments. Noted its benefits in helping those with stomachs, kidney disorders, jaundice, dropsy and treating insect bites. The aromatic oils to perfume their hair, their bodies, their clothes, their bed, their baths, their military flags, and the walls of their houses. Arabs: Avicenna (-980AD – 1037AD) mentioned the healing uses of lavender. Some varieties of lavender where first thought to have been domesticated in Arabia. Slide 15: Middle Ages: Lavender was little used in the Dark Ages except by monks and nuns. Monasteries preserved the knowledge of herbal lore in their physics gardens. Lavender was one of the herbs listed as being grown at Merton Abbey which was to become the center of lavender production in England - Mitcham. The ladies of the manor used lavender for all kinds of things. It was placed among linens, sewn into sweet bags, used to freshen the air, and mixed with beeswax to make furniture polish. Queen Elisabeth used it in tea to treat her frequent migraines and as a perfume. Phytochemistry of the genus Lavandula : Phytochemistry of the genus Lavandula Slide 17: Terpenoids (Essential oils) Linalyl acetate Linalol 1,8-Cineole Ursolic acid Camphor Oleanolic acid Slide 18: Linalyl acetate and linalool comprise over 70% of the essential oil of L. hybrida, a species commonly used by the perfume and pharmaceutical industries. Following topical application of the essential oil of L. angustifolia, linalyl acetate and linalool can be detected in the blood within five minutes, peak at 19 minutes, and are cleared within 90 minutes. They can also be detected in the blood following inhalation of lavender oil and in exhaled air following massage. Cineole has antispasmodic and antifungal, It comprises over 50% of the essential oil of L. dentata. Slide 19: Flavonoids (leaf) Hypolaetin Scutellarein Xanthomicrol Salvigenin Delphinidine Malvidin Slide 20: Flavonoids (Flower) Rosmarinic acid Chlorogenic acid Caffeic acid 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl ester Slide 21: Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of Lavender. Two forms are distinguished: lavender flower oil, a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL. lavender spike oil, a distillate from the herb Lavandula latifolia, having density 0.905 g/mL. Designation of the National Formulary and the British Pharmacopoeia. It is not a pure compound , it is a complex mixture of naturally occurring phytochemicals, including Linalool and Linalyl acetate. Lavender oil Oil Extraction Options : Oil Extraction Options Hydro distillation (water distillation) is a process in which water and plant material are boiled together in a tub. The result is a “hydrosol,” rather than a pure essential oil. Steam distillation (used for commercial purposes(. Solvent extraction uses organic solvents to extract both essential oils and oleoresins, which are then separated. Supercritical extraction uses carbon dioxide under extremely high pressure to extract both essential oils and oleoresins. (Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, 1998) Therapeutic uses : Therapeutic uses Slide 24: Available Forms Commercial preparations are made from dried flower, dried herb, and essential oil. Lavender is available in the following forms: Teas. Dried flower . Infusions . Tinctures. Lavender oil (Aromatherapy oil). Bath gels. Extracts. Lotions. Soaps. Slide 25: How Lavender Is Used Lavender is most commonly used in aromatherapy, in which the scent of the essential oil from the flowers is inhaled. The essential oil can also be diluted with another oil and applied to the skin. Dried lavender flowers can be used to make teas or liquid extracts that can be taken by mouth. The calming influence of lavender essential oil combines with French lavender buds for a gentle, aromatic bar. Slide 26: Internal use Indigestion. Irritability. Anxiety. Exhaustion. Tension headaches. Migraine . Bronchial complains. Lavender Buds Powder Slide 27: External use Used to treat most type of burns, including sunburn. Rheumatism, muscular pains, neuralgia, cold sores, insect bites, head lice, halitosis. It is mainly used for its antiseptic and anti-dandruff properties. Have local pain killing actions. It also contains ursolic acid: Antibacterial. Active against lipid oxidation. Inhibits elastase – which results in tissue degeneration, inflammatory processes as well as tissue degradation such as psoriasis and eczemas. The rosmarinic acid and polyphenolic derivatives have good antioxidant properties, which is helpful in countering aging. Slide 28: Aromatherapy and essential oil use Analgesic. Anticonvulsive. Antidepressant. Anti-rheumatic. Antiseptic. Antispasmodic. Antiviral. Decongestive. Restorative. Sedative. Relaxant. Slide 29: Side effects of lavender Although side effects are rare, some individuals may develop an allergic reaction to lavender. Consuming large doses may cause: When taken by mouth: Constipation . Headache. Nausea. Nervous system depression, causing excessive sleepiness or drowsiness, slow breathing, and reduced mental alertness. Increase appetite. When applied to the skin: Skin inflammation . Allergic reactions. Breast development and enlargement in males (blamed on some chemical within the oils that the body processes like estrogen). Slide 30: Interactions Although there are no known scientific reports of interactions between lavender and conventional medications, this herb could potentially enhance the effects of CNS depressants including: Narcotics (such as mophine) for pain. Benzodiazepines (such as lorazepam, diazepam, and alprazolam) for anxiety and sleep. Important points to remember Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using lavender. lavender oil is potentially poisonous. Large doses can cause narcotic-like effects. Don't consume more than 2 drops of the volatile oil. Oral use in children is not recommended. May be used topically in diluted concentrations to treat skin injuries. May be used as aromatherapy for children. Slide 31: Experimental Studies Slide 32: Antispasmodic/digestive aid: In vitro data: In the rat, the essential oil of L. dentata showed spasmolytic activity against both acetycholine- and calcium chloride- induced contractions in rat duodenal tissue . In the guinea pig, the oil (linalool) exerted spasmolytic activity in smooth muscle, inhibiting the contractile responses to acetylcholine and histamine. Animal data: none Human data: There are no studies in humans on lavender’s use as a digestive aid. Slide 33: Sedative/hypnotic In vitro data: In rat cerebral cortex, linalool inhibited glutamate binding in the cerebral cortex. Animal data: In mice, inhalation of the essential oil of L. angustifolia, linalyl acetate and linalool, significantly decreased baseline motility and reduced caffeine- induced hyperactivity in a dose-dependent manner. In mice and rats, systemic administration of the essential oil of L. angustifolia potentiated the effect of pentobarbital on sleep time, but this effect was attenuated over five days in animals given lavender daily. Human data: Several small case studies have had mixed results. Several small studies in elderly patients indicate that lavender aromatherapy may improve nighttime sleep. Slide 34: Anxiolytic In vitro data: none Animal data: In pigs, lavender straw decreased the incidence and severity of travel sickness but not overall levels of stress Human data: A Japanese study found that lavender aroma decreased subjective arousal and stress, but did not influence blood pressure or heart rate. Controlled study conducted on 122 critically ill patients in a hospital intensive care unit, subjects who received aromatherapy massage with L. angustifolia oil reported significant improvement in their perceived anxiety compared to patients who received a period of rest or massage without aromatherapy. Slide 35: Anticonvulsant In vitro data: none Animal data: In mice, both intraperitoneal injection and inhalation of the essential oil of L. angustifolia blocked pentetrazol- , nicotine- and electroshock- induced convulsions in a dose-dependent fashion. In rats, injected lavender oil had anticonvulsive activity against electroshock- and pentetrazole- induced seizures. Human data: There are no studies evaluating the anticonvulsant effects of lavender aromatherapy or assessing potential interactions between anticonvulsant medications and lavender in humans. Slide 36: In other clinical studies, inhalation of lavender demonstrated Greater improvements in mood and less anxiety in 77% of 122 patients in an intensive care unit (Dunn et al, 1995). Increased sleep time and less restlessness during sleep in 4 patients (Hardy, Kirk-Smith, Stretch, 1995). Greater relaxation, less depression, and CNS depressant activity in 23 females with insomnia (Schultz, Hubner, & Ploch, 1997). In 13 healthy female subjects, lavender oil reduced alpha waves of parietal and posterior temporal regions after inhaling lavender oil (Masago et al, 2000). Slide 37: Antioxidant: In vitro data: Many plants in the Labiatae family have known antioxidant effects. Studies on lavender’s antioxidant effects have had mixed results, but most support a modest role as an antioxidant, less potent than other members of the Labiatae family. Animal data: none Human data: none Slide 38: Analgesic: tension, headaches and other aches and pains. In vitro data: Eugenol, a minor constituent of most lavender oils, exerts membrane stabilizing, topical anesthetic effects. Animal data: In rabbits, local application of the essential oil of L. angustifolia oil, significantly increasing the number of stimuli needed to provoke palpebral closure in a dose-dependent manner. Human data: Studies of topical treatment with lavender have had mixed results in relieving pain. Clinical trial among 100 patients in a critical care unit, lavender aromatherapy combined with massage resulted in a 50% reduction in reported pain and a reduction in heart rate in 90% of participants. Slide 39: Antibacterial In vitro data: Different lavender species have variable antibacterial effects depending on the concentration of specific chemical constituents. Linalool and cineole exhibit antibacterial activity against 17 and 16 out of 18 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria tested, respectively Animal data: none Human data: none Slide 40: Antifungal In vitro data: Studies measuring lavender’s antifungal effects have had mixed results, but most have reported positive effects in vitro. Conflicting data exist regarding the activity of lavender oil against yeast. In one study, lavender oil showed marked antifungal action against C. albicans. But in other studies, the essential oil of L. angustifolia had only slight inhibitory effects against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. Animal data: none Human data: none Slide 41: Hair growth stimulant In vitro data: none Animal data: none Human data: In a randomized, double blind, controlled clinical trial, 86 patients with alopecia areata (hair loss) were given seven weeks of scalp massage with essential oils including lavender. Forty- four percent of the experimental group compared with 15% of the control group showed improvement in hair growth as determined by photographic assessment. Slide 42: Insecticide In vitro data: Several chemical components of lavender oil, terpineol, alpha-pinene and camphene all had anti- lice activity when tested in vitro. Linalool and D- limonene, two components of lavender oil had rapid insecticidal activity against cat fleas Animal data: In a case series, fleas were eliminated in cats dipped in linalool oil. Human data: In a pilot study of 20 British children with persistent head lice resistant to pharmaceutical treatment, a mixture of six essential oils including lavender was reportedly “fully effective”. No controlled trials of lavender as an insecticidal agent have been reported. Slide 43: Evidence These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. A: Strong scientific evidence for this use. B: Good scientific evidence for this use. C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use. D: Fair scientific evidence against this use. F: Strong scientific evidence against this use Slide 45: Miscellaneous uses of lavender and lavender oil Slide 46: Natural food flavors: Lavandin oil, spike lavender oil and lavender oil, absolute and even concrete are used as natural food flavors. baked goods, frozen dairy, soft candy, gelatin, pudding, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages. Tea. Ice-cream. Jam. Honey. Cooking with lavender at home: Recipes are most often seen for cakes, biscuits and desserts. Using it to enhance the flavor of meats, such as lamb. Lavender flowers can be put in sugar and sealed tightly for a couple of weeks (For tea or Baking). As a garnish, enhancing flavor and appearance. Jam Honey Slide 47: Old recipes for lavender preparations in the home: Recipe for lavender water (prepared at home) Lavender vinegar (refreshing toilet water made). Scented candles Veterinary products: Spike lavender is included in some veterinary shampoos and other products as an insect repellent, especially for fleas. Household cleaning: True lavender is nowadays replaced by synthetics. Slide 48: Perfumes, beauty products and scents for the home: Lavender is added to lotions, bath products, after-shaves, soaps, colognes, toilet waters, perfumes. Herbal pillows: (sedative properties of lavender) Lavender bags: used for perfuming contents of draws, wardrobes and rooms in general and to keep insects away. In the dryer (can be used several times) Bath Bomb Slide 49: What is Perfume Made From? Fashion-Era.com reports that the essential oils extracted from flowering plants make up a small percentage of a perfume formula, while 78% to 95% is a “specially denatured ethyl alcohol” and that the percentage of essential oil varies: Perfume is the costliest form of fragrance with 22% of essential oils. Eau de Parfum (EDP), comes next with between 15 and 22% essential oils. That's followed by Eau de Toilette (EDT) with 8 to 15% oils. The weaker Eau de Cologne has just 4% essential oils Perfumery uses of lavender and lavandin oils Slide 50: Perfume Ingredients ½ ounce (7 grams) sweet almond oil 15 drops lavender essential oil 10 drops sandalwood essential oil Instructions Add all ingredients and mix. This perfume will be good for six months. Store out of sunlight. Lavender Floral Water Ingredients 1 cup distilled water 2 1/2 tablespoons vodka 10 drops lavender essential oil 1/2 cup fresh or dried lavender buds (no stems). Instructions Put lavender buds in jar. Pour water and vodka over buds. Add essential oil, seal and put in cool, dark place for one week. Swirl contents every other day. strain liquid through cheese cloth or coffee filter. This perfume will be good for a year. Slide 51: Lavender Production Slide 52: A study carried out in 2001 showed that the outlets for lavender in aromatherapy and aromachology are increasing by 15 % in volume per year. Fine perfumery using lavender has become fashionable with new perfumes such as Pure Lavender. The total surface area planted with lavendin in France was 17900 ha in 2001 →→→→The harvest was around average with 1320 tonnes of essential oil produced →→→→ 18 million Euros. France produces 70 % of the world’s lavender essence. 80 % of French production is exported, mostly towards the US. The other producer countries are Bulgaria, Russia and the Ukraine. Slide 53: An acre of true lavender L. angustifolia produces from 300 to 1,800 pounds of dried flowers (12 to 15 pounds of essential oil – about 2 gallons). An acre of one of the lavandin cultivars L. x intermedia yields from 3,500 to 4,500 pounds of dried flowers per acre (53 to 67 pounds of essential oil). In the Pacific Northwest, Beus estimates only 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of dried buds per acre for Grosso – equalling 35 to 180 pounds of essential oil. More than 30 different types of lavender oils and blends are traded on world markets. Slide 54: France produces about 1,000–1,500 tons of L. x intermedia oil annually, and about 50–75 tons of essential oil from L. angustifolia lavenders annually. England was historically a significant producer of lavender oil, but in recent decades, production has declined to a few tons of oil produced on farms. Australia is a significant lavender producer, with the center of their production in Tasmania. Other countries producing significant amounts of lavender oil include: Russia (25–50 tons/year). Ukraine and Moldovia (20–30 tons/year). Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Argentina, and New Zealand. Slide 55: The high volume oils of lemon, lime, orange, other mints, and peppermint have low prices whereas the low volume oils of vetiver, geranium, bergamot and lavender have high prices (Grant Vinning, 2006). Slide 56: Thank you Bibliography : Bibliography Abed, K.F. (2007). Antibacterial and Anticandidal Activity of Essential Oils of some Medicinal Plants in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 14 (2) 245-250 Adam, K.L.(2006). Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms. A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Fotouhi A.(2003). Comparison of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. tincture and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry;27(1):123-127. Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. 1998. Essential oils industry. 15 p. Anderson C, Lis-Balchin M, Kirk-Smith M.(2000). Evaluation of massage with essential oils on childhood atopic eczema. Phytother Res .14(6):452-456. Fortineau,A. (2004). Chemistry Perfumes Your Daily Life. Ournal of chemical education. Vol. 81(1):45-50. Basch E, Foppa I, Liebowitz R. (2004).. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller). J Herb Pharmacother .4(2):63-78. Beus, C. (2006). Growing and Marketing Lavender. Washington State University, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences. Charlesworth, S.J.(2006). Downberry nursery. Chu, C.J. and Kemper, K.J. (2001). Lavender (Lavandula spp.) http://www.mcp.edu/herbal/ Curtis Beus. (2006). Growing and Markiting Lavender. Washington State University, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences D'Auria FD, Tecca M, Strippoli V .(2005). Antifungal activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil against Candida albicans yeast and mycelial form. Med Mycol. 43(5):391-6. Slide 58: Dale A, Cornwell S. (1994). The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort following childbirth: a blind randomized clinical trial. J Adv Nurs.19(1):89-96. Dunn et al (1995) . J Adv Nurs 21(1), 34-40. Foster, Steven. 1992. Herbal Renaissance. [Rev. edition of Herbal Bounty, 1984.] Gibbs-Smith, Salt Lake City, UT. p. 113–116. Grant Vinning:SNV Marketing Specialist Department of Trade. (2006). Developing an essential oils industry: a Bhutanese perspective. Thimphu Kingdom of Bhutan Hardy, M., Kirk-Smith, M., & Stretch, D. (1995). Replacement of drug treatment for insomnia by ambient odor. Lancet, 346 (8976), 701. Henley D, Lipson N, Korach K, Bloch C. (2007). Lavender And Tea Tree Oils May Cause Breast Growth In Boys. New England Journal of Medicine. http://www.fashionera. com/perfume_history. Lis-Balchin, M. (2002). Lavender, the genus Lavandula. Taylor & Francis 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EEStange, R., Schaper, S., Uehleke, B., Dienel, A., Schlaefke, S.(2007). Phase II study on the effects of lavender oil (Silexan) in patients with neurasthenia, post-traumatic stress disorders or somatisation disorder. Focus Altern Complement . Masago, R., Matsuda, T., Kikuchi, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Iwanaga, K., Harada, H., & Katsuura, T. (2000). Effects of inhalation of essential oils on EEG activity and sensor evaluation. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci, 19(1), 35-42. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2007) Schultz, V., Hubner, W.D., & Ploch, M. (1997). Clinical trials with phyto-psychopharmacological agents. Phytomedicine, 4, 379-387. Umezu, T., Nagano, K., Ito, H., Kosakai, K., Sakaniwa, M. and Morita, M. (2006). Anticonflict effects of lavender oil and identification of its active constituents. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.Vol. 85(4) Yusufolu,A., Çelik, H and Kirbalar, F.G. (2004). Utilization of Lavandula angustifolia Miller extracts as natural repellents, pharmaceutical and industrial auxiliaries. 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lavender farawela Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 2281 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (23) Dislike it (0) Added: September 06, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 4 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: chuppi_2012 (4 days ago) I would like to download this ppt..very useful info..than ks for uploading this..... Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: Sahana1996 (1 month(s) ago) sir let us download it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sragh (9 month(s) ago) kute download karne de na Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: thomasmth007 (9 month(s) ago) sir plz can i download Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: alanpayyalayil (9 month(s) ago) sir, can u plz allow me to download this??? Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: By Feryal Jamal Kherissat Introduction : Introduction The name of lavender comes from the Latin word ‘lavare’ meaning ‘to wash’, and was used as a ritual bathing herb in ancient Rome. Native to the Mediterranean region. The native range extends across the: Canary Island. North and East Africa. South Europ. Mediterranean, Arabia. India. Order :Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Lavandula Slide 3: Lavender, the common name of the genus Lavandula, is an herb closely related to rosemary, sage, and thyme. It is a summer flowering perennial shrub with flower colors that typically range from deep purple to pale blue, and also includes some pink, yellow, green, and white varieties. There are 39 species of Lavandula, with cultivars numbering in the hundreds. Morphology : Morphology Lavenders are herbs and shrubs growing to 1–2 m tall. . Leaves opposite, whorled and simple, with no stipules. The leaves can be entirely or deeply dissected, and are often absent in some of the Arabian species. Flowers are bisexual, usually 2-lipped (upper lip with 2 lobes, lower lip with 3 lobes. Fruit (1cm) Seed (5mm) Slide 5: Infloresence - main stem with flowers in whorls (infloresence a spike or raceme) flowers +/- pedicels. Often with short-stalked epidermal glands containing essential oils The calyx is (two-lipped) bilabiate used to diagnose both sections and species. coma Classification : Classification Slide 7: Lavandula →→→ English-true Three species and two hybrids native to Central and south-west Europe. Dentatae →→→ French One species native to the Mediterranean Basin, south-western Arabian and north-east Africa. Stoechas →→→ Spanish Three species native to the Mediterranean Basin and their hybrids known predominantly from cultivation. Pterostochas →→→ Sixteen species native to the Atlantic Islands, the Mediterranean Basin, southern Europe, North Africa and south-west Asia. Slide 8: Subnudae →→→ Arabian Ten species native to South Arabia and Somalia. Chaetostacys →→→ Fernleaf Two species native to Central and South India. Hasikensis →→→ Two species native to Oman and Iran. Sabaudia →→→ Two species native to Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt and Eritrea. Slide 9: Propagation: Layering. Cuttings taken in summer. Division of root. Seed. Needs: Full sun. Well-drained soil (sandy loam) in sheltered position. Trim back by one-third to half in early spring to encourage flower production. Harvest: While flowers are in full bud and just before opening. Hang upside down in bunches in a dry dark room. All hybrids are sterile. Lavandin ( Lavendula hybrids) does not produce fertile seed and cannot reproduce naturally.For cultivation, the plants have to be cloned Slide 10: Harvesting lavender by hand: bundles Are temporarily piled on top of plants. Hanging lavender to dry (fans used for air movement). Slide 12: History of usage of Lavandula species Slide 13: Ancient Egypt: Found lavender unguent in the tomb of Tutankhamen. lavender were used only by the royal families and high priests in cosmetics, massage oils, and medicines. Wealthy men would put solid cones of lavender unguent on their heads, which, as it melted, covered their bodies with perfume. Greek: Unlike the ancient Egyptians who anointed their heads, the Greek philosopher Diogenes preferred to anoint his feet instead saying, “When you anoint your head with perfume, it flies away in the air and birds only get the benefit of it, whilst if I rub it on my lower limbs it envelopes my whole body and gratefully ascends to my nose." Slide 14: Rome: Lavender when taken internally relieved indigestion, headaches and sore throats. Externally, lavender could be used to clean wounds and burns or treat skin ailments. Noted its benefits in helping those with stomachs, kidney disorders, jaundice, dropsy and treating insect bites. The aromatic oils to perfume their hair, their bodies, their clothes, their bed, their baths, their military flags, and the walls of their houses. Arabs: Avicenna (-980AD – 1037AD) mentioned the healing uses of lavender. Some varieties of lavender where first thought to have been domesticated in Arabia. Slide 15: Middle Ages: Lavender was little used in the Dark Ages except by monks and nuns. Monasteries preserved the knowledge of herbal lore in their physics gardens. Lavender was one of the herbs listed as being grown at Merton Abbey which was to become the center of lavender production in England - Mitcham. The ladies of the manor used lavender for all kinds of things. It was placed among linens, sewn into sweet bags, used to freshen the air, and mixed with beeswax to make furniture polish. Queen Elisabeth used it in tea to treat her frequent migraines and as a perfume. Phytochemistry of the genus Lavandula : Phytochemistry of the genus Lavandula Slide 17: Terpenoids (Essential oils) Linalyl acetate Linalol 1,8-Cineole Ursolic acid Camphor Oleanolic acid Slide 18: Linalyl acetate and linalool comprise over 70% of the essential oil of L. hybrida, a species commonly used by the perfume and pharmaceutical industries. Following topical application of the essential oil of L. angustifolia, linalyl acetate and linalool can be detected in the blood within five minutes, peak at 19 minutes, and are cleared within 90 minutes. They can also be detected in the blood following inhalation of lavender oil and in exhaled air following massage. Cineole has antispasmodic and antifungal, It comprises over 50% of the essential oil of L. dentata. Slide 19: Flavonoids (leaf) Hypolaetin Scutellarein Xanthomicrol Salvigenin Delphinidine Malvidin Slide 20: Flavonoids (Flower) Rosmarinic acid Chlorogenic acid Caffeic acid 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl ester Slide 21: Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of Lavender. Two forms are distinguished: lavender flower oil, a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL. lavender spike oil, a distillate from the herb Lavandula latifolia, having density 0.905 g/mL. Designation of the National Formulary and the British Pharmacopoeia. It is not a pure compound , it is a complex mixture of naturally occurring phytochemicals, including Linalool and Linalyl acetate. Lavender oil Oil Extraction Options : Oil Extraction Options Hydro distillation (water distillation) is a process in which water and plant material are boiled together in a tub. The result is a “hydrosol,” rather than a pure essential oil. Steam distillation (used for commercial purposes(. Solvent extraction uses organic solvents to extract both essential oils and oleoresins, which are then separated. Supercritical extraction uses carbon dioxide under extremely high pressure to extract both essential oils and oleoresins. (Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, 1998) Therapeutic uses : Therapeutic uses Slide 24: Available Forms Commercial preparations are made from dried flower, dried herb, and essential oil. Lavender is available in the following forms: Teas. Dried flower . Infusions . Tinctures. Lavender oil (Aromatherapy oil). Bath gels. Extracts. Lotions. Soaps. Slide 25: How Lavender Is Used Lavender is most commonly used in aromatherapy, in which the scent of the essential oil from the flowers is inhaled. The essential oil can also be diluted with another oil and applied to the skin. Dried lavender flowers can be used to make teas or liquid extracts that can be taken by mouth. The calming influence of lavender essential oil combines with French lavender buds for a gentle, aromatic bar. Slide 26: Internal use Indigestion. Irritability. Anxiety. Exhaustion. Tension headaches. Migraine . Bronchial complains. Lavender Buds Powder Slide 27: External use Used to treat most type of burns, including sunburn. Rheumatism, muscular pains, neuralgia, cold sores, insect bites, head lice, halitosis. It is mainly used for its antiseptic and anti-dandruff properties. Have local pain killing actions. It also contains ursolic acid: Antibacterial. Active against lipid oxidation. Inhibits elastase – which results in tissue degeneration, inflammatory processes as well as tissue degradation such as psoriasis and eczemas. The rosmarinic acid and polyphenolic derivatives have good antioxidant properties, which is helpful in countering aging. Slide 28: Aromatherapy and essential oil use Analgesic. Anticonvulsive. Antidepressant. Anti-rheumatic. Antiseptic. Antispasmodic. Antiviral. Decongestive. Restorative. Sedative. Relaxant. Slide 29: Side effects of lavender Although side effects are rare, some individuals may develop an allergic reaction to lavender. Consuming large doses may cause: When taken by mouth: Constipation . Headache. Nausea. Nervous system depression, causing excessive sleepiness or drowsiness, slow breathing, and reduced mental alertness. Increase appetite. When applied to the skin: Skin inflammation . Allergic reactions. Breast development and enlargement in males (blamed on some chemical within the oils that the body processes like estrogen). Slide 30: Interactions Although there are no known scientific reports of interactions between lavender and conventional medications, this herb could potentially enhance the effects of CNS depressants including: Narcotics (such as mophine) for pain. Benzodiazepines (such as lorazepam, diazepam, and alprazolam) for anxiety and sleep. Important points to remember Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using lavender. lavender oil is potentially poisonous. Large doses can cause narcotic-like effects. Don't consume more than 2 drops of the volatile oil. Oral use in children is not recommended. May be used topically in diluted concentrations to treat skin injuries. May be used as aromatherapy for children. Slide 31: Experimental Studies Slide 32: Antispasmodic/digestive aid: In vitro data: In the rat, the essential oil of L. dentata showed spasmolytic activity against both acetycholine- and calcium chloride- induced contractions in rat duodenal tissue . In the guinea pig, the oil (linalool) exerted spasmolytic activity in smooth muscle, inhibiting the contractile responses to acetylcholine and histamine. Animal data: none Human data: There are no studies in humans on lavender’s use as a digestive aid. Slide 33: Sedative/hypnotic In vitro data: In rat cerebral cortex, linalool inhibited glutamate binding in the cerebral cortex. Animal data: In mice, inhalation of the essential oil of L. angustifolia, linalyl acetate and linalool, significantly decreased baseline motility and reduced caffeine- induced hyperactivity in a dose-dependent manner. In mice and rats, systemic administration of the essential oil of L. angustifolia potentiated the effect of pentobarbital on sleep time, but this effect was attenuated over five days in animals given lavender daily. Human data: Several small case studies have had mixed results. Several small studies in elderly patients indicate that lavender aromatherapy may improve nighttime sleep. Slide 34: Anxiolytic In vitro data: none Animal data: In pigs, lavender straw decreased the incidence and severity of travel sickness but not overall levels of stress Human data: A Japanese study found that lavender aroma decreased subjective arousal and stress, but did not influence blood pressure or heart rate. Controlled study conducted on 122 critically ill patients in a hospital intensive care unit, subjects who received aromatherapy massage with L. angustifolia oil reported significant improvement in their perceived anxiety compared to patients who received a period of rest or massage without aromatherapy. Slide 35: Anticonvulsant In vitro data: none Animal data: In mice, both intraperitoneal injection and inhalation of the essential oil of L. angustifolia blocked pentetrazol- , nicotine- and electroshock- induced convulsions in a dose-dependent fashion. In rats, injected lavender oil had anticonvulsive activity against electroshock- and pentetrazole- induced seizures. Human data: There are no studies evaluating the anticonvulsant effects of lavender aromatherapy or assessing potential interactions between anticonvulsant medications and lavender in humans. Slide 36: In other clinical studies, inhalation of lavender demonstrated Greater improvements in mood and less anxiety in 77% of 122 patients in an intensive care unit (Dunn et al, 1995). Increased sleep time and less restlessness during sleep in 4 patients (Hardy, Kirk-Smith, Stretch, 1995). Greater relaxation, less depression, and CNS depressant activity in 23 females with insomnia (Schultz, Hubner, & Ploch, 1997). In 13 healthy female subjects, lavender oil reduced alpha waves of parietal and posterior temporal regions after inhaling lavender oil (Masago et al, 2000). Slide 37: Antioxidant: In vitro data: Many plants in the Labiatae family have known antioxidant effects. Studies on lavender’s antioxidant effects have had mixed results, but most support a modest role as an antioxidant, less potent than other members of the Labiatae family. Animal data: none Human data: none Slide 38: Analgesic: tension, headaches and other aches and pains. In vitro data: Eugenol, a minor constituent of most lavender oils, exerts membrane stabilizing, topical anesthetic effects. Animal data: In rabbits, local application of the essential oil of L. angustifolia oil, significantly increasing the number of stimuli needed to provoke palpebral closure in a dose-dependent manner. Human data: Studies of topical treatment with lavender have had mixed results in relieving pain. Clinical trial among 100 patients in a critical care unit, lavender aromatherapy combined with massage resulted in a 50% reduction in reported pain and a reduction in heart rate in 90% of participants. Slide 39: Antibacterial In vitro data: Different lavender species have variable antibacterial effects depending on the concentration of specific chemical constituents. Linalool and cineole exhibit antibacterial activity against 17 and 16 out of 18 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria tested, respectively Animal data: none Human data: none Slide 40: Antifungal In vitro data: Studies measuring lavender’s antifungal effects have had mixed results, but most have reported positive effects in vitro. Conflicting data exist regarding the activity of lavender oil against yeast. In one study, lavender oil showed marked antifungal action against C. albicans. But in other studies, the essential oil of L. angustifolia had only slight inhibitory effects against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. Animal data: none Human data: none Slide 41: Hair growth stimulant In vitro data: none Animal data: none Human data: In a randomized, double blind, controlled clinical trial, 86 patients with alopecia areata (hair loss) were given seven weeks of scalp massage with essential oils including lavender. Forty- four percent of the experimental group compared with 15% of the control group showed improvement in hair growth as determined by photographic assessment. Slide 42: Insecticide In vitro data: Several chemical components of lavender oil, terpineol, alpha-pinene and camphene all had anti- lice activity when tested in vitro. Linalool and D- limonene, two components of lavender oil had rapid insecticidal activity against cat fleas Animal data: In a case series, fleas were eliminated in cats dipped in linalool oil. Human data: In a pilot study of 20 British children with persistent head lice resistant to pharmaceutical treatment, a mixture of six essential oils including lavender was reportedly “fully effective”. No controlled trials of lavender as an insecticidal agent have been reported. Slide 43: Evidence These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. A: Strong scientific evidence for this use. B: Good scientific evidence for this use. C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use. D: Fair scientific evidence against this use. F: Strong scientific evidence against this use Slide 45: Miscellaneous uses of lavender and lavender oil Slide 46: Natural food flavors: Lavandin oil, spike lavender oil and lavender oil, absolute and even concrete are used as natural food flavors. baked goods, frozen dairy, soft candy, gelatin, pudding, non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages. Tea. Ice-cream. Jam. Honey. Cooking with lavender at home: Recipes are most often seen for cakes, biscuits and desserts. Using it to enhance the flavor of meats, such as lamb. Lavender flowers can be put in sugar and sealed tightly for a couple of weeks (For tea or Baking). As a garnish, enhancing flavor and appearance. Jam Honey Slide 47: Old recipes for lavender preparations in the home: Recipe for lavender water (prepared at home) Lavender vinegar (refreshing toilet water made). Scented candles Veterinary products: Spike lavender is included in some veterinary shampoos and other products as an insect repellent, especially for fleas. Household cleaning: True lavender is nowadays replaced by synthetics. Slide 48: Perfumes, beauty products and scents for the home: Lavender is added to lotions, bath products, after-shaves, soaps, colognes, toilet waters, perfumes. Herbal pillows: (sedative properties of lavender) Lavender bags: used for perfuming contents of draws, wardrobes and rooms in general and to keep insects away. In the dryer (can be used several times) Bath Bomb Slide 49: What is Perfume Made From? Fashion-Era.com reports that the essential oils extracted from flowering plants make up a small percentage of a perfume formula, while 78% to 95% is a “specially denatured ethyl alcohol” and that the percentage of essential oil varies: Perfume is the costliest form of fragrance with 22% of essential oils. Eau de Parfum (EDP), comes next with between 15 and 22% essential oils. That's followed by Eau de Toilette (EDT) with 8 to 15% oils. The weaker Eau de Cologne has just 4% essential oils Perfumery uses of lavender and lavandin oils Slide 50: Perfume Ingredients ½ ounce (7 grams) sweet almond oil 15 drops lavender essential oil 10 drops sandalwood essential oil Instructions Add all ingredients and mix. This perfume will be good for six months. Store out of sunlight. Lavender Floral Water Ingredients 1 cup distilled water 2 1/2 tablespoons vodka 10 drops lavender essential oil 1/2 cup fresh or dried lavender buds (no stems). Instructions Put lavender buds in jar. Pour water and vodka over buds. Add essential oil, seal and put in cool, dark place for one week. Swirl contents every other day. strain liquid through cheese cloth or coffee filter. This perfume will be good for a year. Slide 51: Lavender Production Slide 52: A study carried out in 2001 showed that the outlets for lavender in aromatherapy and aromachology are increasing by 15 % in volume per year. Fine perfumery using lavender has become fashionable with new perfumes such as Pure Lavender. The total surface area planted with lavendin in France was 17900 ha in 2001 →→→→The harvest was around average with 1320 tonnes of essential oil produced →→→→ 18 million Euros. France produces 70 % of the world’s lavender essence. 80 % of French production is exported, mostly towards the US. The other producer countries are Bulgaria, Russia and the Ukraine. Slide 53: An acre of true lavender L. angustifolia produces from 300 to 1,800 pounds of dried flowers (12 to 15 pounds of essential oil – about 2 gallons). An acre of one of the lavandin cultivars L. x intermedia yields from 3,500 to 4,500 pounds of dried flowers per acre (53 to 67 pounds of essential oil). In the Pacific Northwest, Beus estimates only 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of dried buds per acre for Grosso – equalling 35 to 180 pounds of essential oil. More than 30 different types of lavender oils and blends are traded on world markets. Slide 54: France produces about 1,000–1,500 tons of L. x intermedia oil annually, and about 50–75 tons of essential oil from L. angustifolia lavenders annually. England was historically a significant producer of lavender oil, but in recent decades, production has declined to a few tons of oil produced on farms. Australia is a significant lavender producer, with the center of their production in Tasmania. Other countries producing significant amounts of lavender oil include: Russia (25–50 tons/year). Ukraine and Moldovia (20–30 tons/year). Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Argentina, and New Zealand. Slide 55: The high volume oils of lemon, lime, orange, other mints, and peppermint have low prices whereas the low volume oils of vetiver, geranium, bergamot and lavender have high prices (Grant Vinning, 2006). Slide 56: Thank you Bibliography : Bibliography Abed, K.F. (2007). Antibacterial and Anticandidal Activity of Essential Oils of some Medicinal Plants in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 14 (2) 245-250 Adam, K.L.(2006). Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms. A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Fotouhi A.(2003). Comparison of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. tincture and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry;27(1):123-127. Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development. 1998. Essential oils industry. 15 p. Anderson C, Lis-Balchin M, Kirk-Smith M.(2000). 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Phase II study on the effects of lavender oil (Silexan) in patients with neurasthenia, post-traumatic stress disorders or somatisation disorder. Focus Altern Complement . Masago, R., Matsuda, T., Kikuchi, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Iwanaga, K., Harada, H., & Katsuura, T. (2000). Effects of inhalation of essential oils on EEG activity and sensor evaluation. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci, 19(1), 35-42. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2007) Schultz, V., Hubner, W.D., & Ploch, M. (1997). Clinical trials with phyto-psychopharmacological agents. Phytomedicine, 4, 379-387. Umezu, T., Nagano, K., Ito, H., Kosakai, K., Sakaniwa, M. and Morita, M. (2006). Anticonflict effects of lavender oil and identification of its active constituents. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.Vol. 85(4) Yusufolu,A., Çelik, H and Kirbalar, F.G. (2004). Utilization of Lavandula angustifolia Miller extracts as natural repellents, pharmaceutical and industrial auxiliaries. 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