Gerund-Infinitive 2

Gerund and Infinitive : 

06.06.2010 1 Gerund and Infinitive Forms of the Infinitive Active Voice Passive Voice Present (to) play (to) be played Pres. Cont. (to) be playing xxxxxxxxxx Perfect (to) have played (to) have been played Perf. Cont. (to) have been playing xxxxxxxxxxx * Passive Present Continuous and Perfect Conti-nuous Infinitives are rarely used.

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06.06.2010 2 Forms of the -ing form Active Voice Passive Voice Present playing being played Pres. Cont. xxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxx Perfect having played having been played perf. Cont. xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Forms of the infinitive corresponding to verb tenses Verb tenses Forms of the Infinitive Present Simple/Future Simple Present she cleans/she will clean (to) clean Present Continuous/Future Continuous Present Continuous she is cleaning/she will be cleaning (to) be cleaning

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06.06.2010 3 Past Simple/Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Future Perfect Perfect inf. she cleaned / she has cleaned / she had cleaned / she will have cleaned (to) have cleaned Past Continuous/Present Perfect Continuous/Past Perfect Continuous/Future Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous inf. she was cleaning/she has been cleaning/she had been cleaning/ she will have been cleaning to have been cleaning

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06.06.2010 4 exercises 1. she finished ...(to) have finished... 2. he was driving to have been driving 3. it has been taught 4. they had come to have come to have been taught. 5. she tries to try. 6. it is brought 7. they are studying 8. it will be accepted 9. it was written 10. she has left to be brought. to be studying.. to be accepted.. to have been written. to have left...

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06.06.2010 5 Correct Form of the Infinitive 1. I've looked everywhere, but the file appears ...to have been misplaced... (misplace). 2. He is not old enough------- (allow) to stay out late. to allow 3. Since her illness she seems ------- (find) work difficult. to find / to be finding 4. Although Jane hopes -------- (invite) to the embassy dinner, it is unlikely that she will be. to be invited 5. The little dog seems --------- (lose) its master. to have lost 6. I don't think I'll be able to make it tomorrow. I'm supposed ........................... (meet) Jane for lunch. to meet / to be meeting

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06.06.2010 6 7. She was only pretending ........... (read); she was really daydreaming. to be reading 8. No one is .......... (admit) to the concert without a ticket. To be admitted 9. The team is said ......... (win) the match through sheer luck. to have won 10. I need you .......... (help) me prepare the food for the party. to help 11. The accident is believed .......... (cause) by reckless driving. To have been caused 12.The newspaper received many calls from people claiming ............. (see) UFOs. to have seen

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06.06.2010 7 13. He was the first British writer............ (award) the Nobel prize for literature. to have been awarded / to be awarded 14. Aren't you supposed ............... (look after) your sister at the moment? to be looking after

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06.06.2010 8 The to-infinitive is used to express purpose. You should take a few days off to recover. after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc). He agreed to meet us tonight. after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry etc). I was sorry to hear about your accident. after I would like/would love/would prefer to express specific preference. I'd love to visit India. after certain nouns. It's such a pleasure to be with you.

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06.06.2010 9 after too/enough constructions. It's too early to leave the party. He's rich enough to afford a Porsche. There's enough food to go round. with: it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun). It was unkind of her to say that. with: so + adjective + as. Would you be so kind as to pass the sauce? with "only" to express an unsatisfactory result. He won in the lottery only to lose at the casino. after: be + the first/second etc/next/last/best . She was the first to congratulate him.

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06.06.2010 10 in the expression: for + noun/pronoun + to -inf. For For John to lend you his car was very unusual. in expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc. To be honest, I didn't know how to react. Note: If two infinitives are joined by "and" or "or", the "to" of the second infinitive can be omitted. I'd prefer to go to a disco and dance or talk to my friends.

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06.06.2010 11 The -ing form is used: • as a noun. Smoking is harmful. after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc). They have postponed moving house till next week. after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. I like swimming, (in general) * Note: like + to-inf = it's a good idea,. I like to help people.

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06.06.2010 12 also specific idea ; I like to cook spagetti on Fridays evenins. But,’I like cooking.’(in general) after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. There's no point in arguing. What's the use of crying? It was your fault.  after: spend/waste (time, money etc). You waste too much time watching TV. • after prepositions. He became rich by working hard and without borrowing from anyone.

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06.06.2010 13 • after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) etc I object to being told what to do with my life. I am used to speaking in front of students. after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. I saw him throwing rubbish out of the window. (I saw part of the action. I didn't wait until he had finished. Perhaps he threw more rubbish.) BUT: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without "to" express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end. I saw him throw rubbish out of the window. (I saw all of the rubbish being thrown out of the window.) Did anybody see him break the window? Can you hear them singing in the lesson?

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06.06.2010 14 The infinitive without to is used • after most modal verbs (can, could, may etc). He can go if he wants to. • after had better/would rather/would sooner. You'd better go to bed. • after make/let/see/hear/feel in the active. She made the baby eat all his soup. But in the passive: be made/be heard/be seen + to-inf. The baby was made to eat all his soup. Note that "let" turns into "was/were allowed to" in the passive. Her parents let her stay out till midnight. She was allowed to stay out till midnight.

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06.06.2010 15 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the infinitive or the -ing form. Mind the tenses 1. The police made the bank robbers ...give... (give) themselves up. 2. He is not likely ----------- (return) before five o'clock. to have returned / to return 3. The criminals were forced .---------- (surrender). to surrender 4. They might not-------- (complain) about the meal if the service hadn't been so dreadful. have complained 5. Man is said ------- (invent) the wheel about ten thousand years ago. to have invented

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06.06.2010 16 You must------ (starve) to have eaten such a big dinner last night. have been starving She'd better------- (have) a good excuse for being so late. have 8 They hope -------(make) a lot of money in their new business. to make 9 The wind tends --------. (increase) just before sunset. to increase He should ------(tell) his parents the truth when they asked him. have told 11 Imagine -------- (live) in a big house like that! living

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06.06.2010 17 12. I'd rather not----------(visit) my parents this weekend. visit 13. She's too tired ---------(concentrate) on her work today. to concentrate 14. You should ------- (see) his face when she told him the news. have seen 15. It was such a shock -------- (hear) from her after all these years. to hear 16. Ann would love ------- (lie) on a beach now, instead of typing reports. to be lying 17. The doctor worked for fifteen hours without--------- (take) a break. taking

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06.06.2010 18 18. John's father let him ------- (borrow) his car for the weekend. borrow 19. There's no point in------- (get) there early, because the gates don't open till 10 am. getting 20. Jim doesn't have enough patience --------- (be) a teacher. to be xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the infinitive or -ing form. Whatever else Christmas may 1) .stand for.(stand for), one thing it still means is 2) ......................... (eat). eating

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06.06.2010 19 Christmas has traditionally been a time of the year when people have tried 3) ------------------- (cheer) themselves up during the cold months of winter. to cheer Last year more than 10 million turkeys were bought in Britain alone during the festive season 4) ……………………… (satisfy) the nation's appetite. to satisfy Health experts may continue 5) ………………………………………………. (complain) about all this self-indulgence, but they fail 6) ………………. (realise) that there is nothing new about celebratory feasting, particularly at this time of year. complaining/to complain to realise The Roman Saturnalia, which was supposedly a festival 7)……. ……………… (honour) the god of agriculture, started on 19 December. to honour Among other things, the Saturnalia involved 8) …………….. (light) candles and 9) …………… (give) gifts. lightning giving

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06.06.2010 20 People who had spent the whole year 10) …………………… (save) money suddenly became extravagant. saving In addition to 11) ………………… (exchange) gifts, this time of year was also an occasion for masters and slaves alike 12) ……………….. (eat) excessively. exchanging to eat At one Saturnalia feast an emperor is reported 13) …………………….. (spend) the equivalent of £600,000 on a dinner for twelve guests which consisted of twenty courses and lasted all day. to have spent

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06.06.2010 21 So, when mealtime comes round on 25 December, there's no point in 14) -------------- (have) a guilty conscience. having In fact the occasional seasonal feast may promote good health and stop year-round 15)......................... (overeat). overeating

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06.06.2010 22 Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive with or without ‘to’. When Gilbert decided 1) ...to give up... (give up) his job and 2) ---------- (sell) all his possessions, everyone thought he was mad. sell But, as it turned out, he was just the first of many of my friends 3) ---------- (do) this. to do In fact, escaping the pressures of everyday working life has become a priority for many people these days. They can't stand the idea of 4) ............................ (work) until they are 65, working only 5) ............................ (retire) to some boring country village and 6) .......................... (waste) their time 7)...................... (dig) the garden or 8) ........................ (gossip) with the neighbours. to retire,--- waste,--- digging,--- gossipping

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06.06.2010 23 They would rather 9) -------- (live) life to the full now before they are too old 10)-------- (enjoy) it. live ,--- to enjoy 11) --------- (buy) a motorcycle and 12) --------- (tour) the world is a popular option. buying / to buy, --- touring / to tour Other, less adventurous types might prefer 13) -------- (buy) a small farmhouse and live off the land. to buy Personally, I fancy 14) -------- (sail) around the world in a yacht. sailing As for Gilbert, he bought a house in a little country village and spends his time 15) -------- (walk) around the village and 16) ------- (talk) with the neighbours. walking, ----- talking

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06.06.2010 24 Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive without to. 1. I watched her ...get up... (get up) and walk slowly out of the room. 2. I heard the phone ----------- (ring) twice and then stop. ring 3. Tim saw Jill ----------- (stand) outside the butcher's as he was driving to work. standing 4. Jane stopped to watch the river ----------- (flow) down the mountainside. flowing 5. Listen to the wind ------------ (blow) through the trees. blowing

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06.06.2010 25 6. We heard the workmen --------- (drill) in the road as we were eating breakfast. drilling 7. The witness saw the burglar ---------- (break into) the house and steal the television. break into 8. Listen to her ---------- (sing) the song and then tell us what you think of it. sing

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06.06.2010 26 Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form without a change in meaning begin, continue, intend, start + to-inf or -ing form. We don't normally have two -ing forms together. He began speaking/to speak, not: He is beginning speaking. advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + object + to-inf. She doesn't allow them to talk in class. advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing form She doesn't allow talking in class. be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted, be required + to-inf. They aren't allowed to talk in class.

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06.06.2010 27 need, require, want + to-inf./-ing form/passive int You need to wash the car. Your car needs washing. Your car needs to be washed. Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1. We weren't advised to book in advance. advise They ------------- book in advance. didn't advise us to 2. You really need to renew your passport before you go on holiday. needs Your passport ---------------- before you go on holiday. really needs renewing / to be renewed

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06.06.2010 28 3. They require hotel guests to vacate their rooms by twelve noon. are Hotel guests --------------- their rooms by twelve noon. are required to vacate 4. The dietician advised us not to eat between meals. eating The dietician ----------- between meals. advised not eating / us to avoid eating 5. They need to consider the proposals more carefully. considered The proposals ----------- more carefully. need to be considered

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06.06.2010 29 Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning 1. a) forget + to-inf (= forget to do sth) He forgot to switch off the TV. b) forget + -ing form (= forget a past event) I'll never forget meeting Jane for the first time. 2. a) remember + to-inf (= remember to do sth) I hope you'll remember to tidy your room. b) remember + -ing form (= recall a past event) I don't remember him ever tidying up his room. 3. a) mean + to-inf {= intend to) She means to start a new life. b) mean + -ing form (= involve) I won't take the job if it means moving to Scotland.

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06.06.2010 30 4. go on + to-inf (= finish doing sth and start doing sth else; then; afterwards) She finished one letter and went on to write another. go on + -ing form (= continue) She went on writing till the early hours of the morning. 5. regret + to-inf (= be sorry to) I regret to inform you that your services are no longer required. regret + -ing form {= have second thoughts about sth already done) He regrets misbehaving. 6. would prefer + to-inf (specific preference) I’d prefer to see you in private. prefer + -ing form (in general) I prefer working on my own.

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06.06.2010 31 prefer + to-inf + rather than + inf without to He prefers to paint the flat on his own rather than hire a professional. 7. try + to-inf (= do one's best; attempt) Try to eat less high-cholesterol food. try + -ing form (= do sth as an experiment) Try cutting down on fat. You might get thinner. 8. want + to-inf (= wish) I want to stop smoking. want + -ing form (= sth needs to be done) This room wants tidying up. 9 stop + to-inf (= pause temporarily) He stopped at the garage to have the tank filled. stop + -ing form (= finish; cease) He stopped behaving foolishly.

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06.06.2010 32 10. a) be sorry + to-inf (= regret) I'm sorry to tell you your flight has been cancelled. b) be sorry for + -ing form (= apologise for) He was sorry for hurting her feelings. 11. a) hate + to-inf (= hate what one is about to do) I hate to cut in, but you must see the manager. b) hate + -ing form (= feel sorry for what one is doing) I hate causing you so much inconvenience. 12. a) be afraid + to-inf (= be too frightened to do sth; hesitate) She was afraid to climb the tree. b) be afraid of + -ing form (= be afraid that what is referred to by the -ing form may happen) When she goes swimming, she's always afraid of being stung by jellyfish.

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06.06.2010 33 Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive. 1 A: Oh, Mum, this programme's nearly finished. Can't I go on ... …………………. (watch) TV for a while? B: No, I want you to do your maths homework and then go on …………….. (write) your English essay. You haven't even started it yet and it's due in tomorrow. watching... to write 2 A: Your dress is filthy. It wants …………….. . (wash). B:.I know. I wanted ……………. (take) it to the cleaner's yesterday, but they were closed. washing to take 3 A: Don't you hate ……………………. (not/know) anyone here? B: Yes, I get very lonely, but I hate ………………(worry) my parents so I tell them I've made lots of friends. not knowing to worry

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06.06.2010 34 4. A: I'll never forget ………….. (visit) Thailand for the first time. B: Yes, it was such a wonderful holiday. If only I hadn't forgotten …………… (take) my camera. visiting to take 5 A: Why don't we stop …………… (get) something to eat on the way home? B: OK, but we should really stop ………….. (spend) money on junk food. to get spending 6 A: I'm sorry for………….. (spoil) your plans last weekend. B: That's OK. I was sorry ………………. (hear) you weren't feeling very well. spoiling to hear 7 A: Jane doesn't know how to work the computer but she's afraid .................(ask) for help. B: But isn't she afraid of...............(get) into trouble if she breaks it? to ask getting

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06.06.2010 35 8 A: Did you remember............... (tell) Tim about the party? B: I don't remember.................. (tell) him, but I'm sure I did. to tell telling 9 A: Do you regret...................(offer) him the job? B: Yes, I regret................ (say) he's not a reliable employee. offering to say 10 A: I think I'd prefer............. (go) on holiday to Greece this year and spend some time visiting ancient sites. B: Yes, I prefer.................... (do) something interesting to just..................(sit) on a beach all day. And I'd prefer .................… (go) somewhere warm rather than .................(stay) in England. to go doing sitting to go stay 11 A: Did you mean ...................(park) so far away? B: Yes. Otherwise, it would mean ……......... (pay) to get into a car park. to park paying

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06.06.2010 36 12 A: I've been trying ....... ......…… (contact) Mr Isaacs all morning. B: Why don't you try .................... (phone) his club? to contact phoning Complete the sentences using the infinitive or the -ing form of an appropriate verb. 1 His lawyer advised him .………..... the journalist to court. to take 2 I wouldn't advise .....……............ that dog - it might bite you. touching 3 The boss doesn't encourage ...................... in the office. He's a non-smoker. smoking 4 Why do you keep ................... me such stupid questions? asking 5 I would offer ...... ............ you with the housework but I'm rather busy. to help 6 Students are not allowed .................... during the exam. to speak 7 They don't allow .................... in this park because some boys used to ride around too fast. playing

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06.06.2010 37 8 I really hate ............... caught in the rain. being 9 Your childish behavior is beginning ...............…me. to annoy 10 She is afraid ......... .......the lift so she uses the stairs. to take 11 Remember ................ the cat or she'll starve to death. to feed 12 It's hot in here. Do you mind ......... .............. the window? opening 13 The bank manager agreed ..................... me £5,000. to lend 14 She put off .................her bags until a few hours before her flight. packing 15 Our dog Timmy loves ……………..with his ball in the garden. 16 She wrote him a note to remind him ................. his laundry at 2 o'clock. to wash playing 17 Steven is exhausted because he isn't used to .......... .... so much exercise. doing 18 She looked so funny in her new hat we couldn't help ................. . laughing 19 You should practice ..................... this tune on the piano until you perfect it. to play

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06.06.2010 38 20 I regret ................... you that your bank account is overdrawn. to inform Put the verbs in brackets into the infinitive or -ing form. Scotland was the perfect place 1) .…………... (grow up). My parents had spent years 2) ................... (save up) because they wanted 3) ....…….. (buy) a small farmhouse in the Scottish Highlands. to grow up saving up to buy Shortly after I was born their dream came true and our new life in the country began. To begin with, I was probably too young 4) ................ (appreciate) the fresh air and breathtaking views, but as I grew up I began 5) .......................(enjoy) exploring the unspoilt country­side. to appreciate to enjoy I soon got used to 6) .................(have) to walk miles to the shops, and since it was too far 7) ...................(travel) to the nearest primary school, my parents did their best 8) ............…...(educate) me at home. having to travel to educate . However, I never felt lonely and was usually too busy 9) ..........…..... (help) my father on the land to worry about 10).......................………. (not/have) any friends. to help not having

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06.06.2010 39 My brothers and sisters were also starting 11) …………………… (grow up) fast and we had no difficulty 12) ……………………. (amuse) ourselves for hours on end. to grow (in) amusing When I reached the age of eleven, my parents decided it was time 13) ................... (send) me to secondary school as they didn't feel they were capable of 14) .................. (provide) me with the range of skills I would need for my future life. to send providing This would involve 15) .................. (travel) twenty miles to the nearest town and twenty miles back. traveling I was sorry 16) ............... (say) goodbye to my old way of life, but at the same time I looked forward 17) .........… (mix) with new people. to say to mixing After 18) ..............…. (finish) school I was forced 19) ...........………. (move) to Edinburgh to look for work and I have now made the city my home. finishing to move Although I love the cosmopolitan lifestyle, I sometimes can't help 20) ...................... (wish) I was back in the Highlands. wishing

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06.06.2010 40 In Other Words It is exciting to watch a football match. Watching a football match is exciting. It's too cold for him to go swimming. It isn't warm enough for him to go swimming. It is so cold that he can't go swimming. They made her tell the truth. She was made to tell the truth. • I prefer walking to riding a bike. I prefer to walk rather than ride a bike. • Could you open the door? Would you mind opening the door? • We were bored by the film. We found the film boring. The film bored us.

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06.06.2010 41 • He had difficulty (in) hearing the music. It was difficult for him to hear the music. He found it difficult to hear the music. He could hardly hear the music.