Gerund-Infinitive

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Slide 1: 

INFINITIVE He appears to have made a big mistake. He seems to have been sitting there all day. She claims to have found the solution. She pretends to be reading a magazine. I’ve looked everywhere, but the documents seem to have been misplaced. The little girl seems to have lost her mother.

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The to-infinitive is used ; to express purpose. You should take a few days off to recover. I am saving some money to study abroad. after certain adjectives (anxious, eager, delighted, surprised, amazed, content, astonished, lucky, obliged, glad, horrified, prepared, disgusted, disappointed, stunned, shocked, pleased, essential, pointless, deadful, relieved, fortunate, ashamed, proud, ready, willing, determined, reluctant, hesitant, nice, impossible, likely.) Tom was hesitant to go home alone on the dark street. I was shocked to see Mr. Carlos at the conference. We were sorry to hear the bad news. I was relieved to find out that I had passed the exam.

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after certain verbs afford, agree, appear, arrange, attempt, ask, struggle, swear, beg, refuse, wish, aim, tend, claim, threaten, consent, decide, volunteer, demand, fail, determine, deserve, expect, forget, hesitate, happen, hope, intend, seem, learn, manage, need, plan mean, neglect, remember, offer, plan, prepare, propose, pretend, promise I can’t afford to go on vacation abroad this summer. I happened to be passing so I dropped in. He threatened to report their behaviour to the head. after I would like/would love/would prefer to express specific preference. I'd love to visit India. I’d prefer to work on night shift.

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after too/enough * too + adjective + infinitive It's too early to leave the party. You are too young to go out late at night. * too + adjective + a + noun + infinitive He was too smart a businessman to accept the first offer. He is too experienced a politician to mind what the critics say. * adjective + enouıgh + infinitive He's rich enough to afford a Porsche. I’m strong enough to live without you. (Cher) * adverb + enough + infinitive She didn’t jump high enough to win a prize. He spoke slowly enough for everyone to understand.

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* it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun) + to infinitive. It was unkind of her to say that. It was generous of him to make such acontribution. It is foolish of her to leave her car unlocked. It was wise of him to stop smoking. * so + adjective + as + to infinitive Would you be so kind as to pass the sauce? The rain was so heavy as to make our picnic impossible. Would you be so considerate as to help me with the washing? Would you be so polite as to tell me the time?

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the first / second etc/ the next / the last / the only + to infinitive She was the first to congratulate him. She was the only one to survive the crash. That’s the best play to be performed this year. for + noun/pronoun + to -infinitive For John to lend you his car was very unusual. For Jane to help him do the ironing seems incredible. For him to open a new market isn’t a good idea. We waited for the taxi to come. to tell you the truth to begin with to be honest to start with to be fair to sum up to be frank to cut a long story short To be honest, I didn't know how to react.

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If two infinitives are joined by "and" , "or", “except", “but", “than", the second infinitive can be omitted. I'd prefer to go to a disco and dance or talk to my friends. Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later? I’ll do anything but work for you. It is easier to persuade people than force them. We had nothing to do except look at the posters outside the cinemas. infinitive with how,where,what,who,whether Can you tell me how to get to the station? I don’t know whether to answer his letter.

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The -ing form is used: as a noun. Smoking is harmful. after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc). They have postponed moving house till next week. He admitted stealing the money from Jack’s jacket.

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after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. I like swimming, (in general) also specific idea ; I like to cook spaghetti on Fridays evenings. But,’I like cooking.’(in general) after these expressions ; I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, It's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. I have difficulty understanding what you’re talking about. You see that I am busy packing my suitcase right now. What's the use of crying? It was your fault.

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spend/waste (time, money etc) + gerund You waste too much time watching TV. He spends all his time reading poetry. after prepositions. He became rich by working hard and without borrowing from anyone. We got the job finished by working 16 hours a day She is fond of rockclimbing. after: look forward to, be / get used to, be / get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) / feel like etc.. I object to being told what to do with my life. I am used to speaking in front of students. I feel like having a big Mac right now.

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after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. I saw him throwing rubbish out of the window. (I saw part of the action. I didn't wait until he had finished. Perhaps he threw more rubbish.) BUT: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without "to" express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end. I saw him throw rubbish out of the window. (I saw all of the rubbish being thrown out of the window.) Did anybody see him break the window? Can you hear them singing in the lesson?

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sit / stand / lie + an expression of place + -ing He is lying in bed reading a novel. She sat at her desk writing a letter. I stood there wondering what to do there. find / catch + pro(noun) + -ing I caught a thief looking through my desk drawers. I found Mike using my telephone.

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gerund form with a possessive adjective or ‘s Do you mind my (me) making a suggestion? I am annoyed about John’s (John) forgetting to pay. He insisted on her reading the letter. I don’t remember my mother’s (my mother) complaining. I don’t mind his (him) living there. The teacher complained about Mary’s (Mary) coming to class late.

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The infinitive without to is used; after most modal verbs (can, could, may etc). He can go if he wants to. after had better/would rather/would sooner. You'd better go to bed. after make/let/see/hear/feel in the active. She made the baby eat all his soup. But in the passive: be made/be heard/be seen + to-inf. The baby was made to eat all his soup. Note that "let" turns into "was/were allowed to" in the passive. Her parents let her stay out till midnight. She was allowed to stay out till midnight.

Slide 15: 

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the infinitive or the -ing form. 1. The police made the bank robbers ...give... (give) themselves up. 2. He is not likely ----------- (return) before five o'clock. to have returned / to return 3. The criminals were forced .---------- (surrender). to surrender 4. They might not-------- (complain) about the meal if the service hadn't been so dreadful. have complained 5. Man is said ------- (invent) the wheel about ten thousand years ago. to have invented

Slide 16: 

You must------ (starve) to have eaten such a big dinner last night. have been starving 7 She'd better------- (have) a good excuse for being so late. have 8 They hope -------(make) a lot of money in their new business. to make 9 The wind tends --------. (increase) just before sunset. to increase 10 He should ------(tell) his parents the truth when they asked him. have told 11 Imagine -------- (live) in a big house like that! living

Slide 17: 

12. I'd rather not----------(visit) my parents this weekend. visit 13. She's too tired ---------(concentrate) on her work today. to concentrate 14. You should ------- (see) his face when she told him the news. have seen 15. It was such a shock -------- (hear) from her after all these years. to hear 16. Ann would love ------- (lie) on a beach now, instead of typing reports. to be lying 17. The doctor worked for fifteen hours without--------- (take) a break. taking

Slide 18: 

Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive without to. 1. I watched her ...get up... (get up) and walk slowly out of the room. 2. I heard the phone ----------- (ring) twice and then stop. ring 3. Tim saw Jill ----------- (stand) outside the butcher's as he was driving to work. standing 4. Jane stopped to watch the river ----------- (flow) down the mountainside. flowing 5. Listen to the wind ------------ (blow) through the trees. blowing

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6. We heard the workmen --------- (drill) in the road as we were eating breakfast. drilling 7. The witness saw the burglar ---------- (break into) the house and steal the television. break into 8. Listen to her ---------- (sing) the song and then tell us what you think of it. sing

Slide 20: 

Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form without a change in meaning. begin, continue, intend, start + to-inf or -ing form. We don't normally have two -ing forms together. He began speaking/to speak, not: He is beginning speaking. advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + object + to-inf. She doesn't allow them to talk in class. advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing form She doesn't allow talking in class. be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted, be required + to-inf. They aren't allowed to talk in class.

Slide 21: 

need, require, want + -ing form (in passive meaning) Does your suit require pressing,sir? Your car needs washing. The car wants servicing. Complete the sentences using the words in bold. 1. We weren't advised to book in advance. advise They ------------- book in advance. didn't advise us to 2. You really need to renew your passport before you go on holiday. needs Your passport ---------------- before you go on holiday. really needs renewing / to be renewed

Slide 22: 

3. They require hotel guests to vacate their rooms by twelve noon. are Hotel guests --------------- their rooms by twelve noon. are required to vacate 4. The dietician advised us not to eat between meals. eating The dietician ----------- between meals. advised not eating / us to avoid eating 5. They need to consider the proposals more carefully. considered The proposals ----------- more carefully. need to be considered

Slide 23: 

Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning 1. a) forget + to-inf (= forget to do sth) He forgot to switch off the TV. b) forget + -ing form (= forget a past event) I'll never forget meeting Jane for the first time. 2. a) remember + to-inf (= remember to do sth) I hope you'll remember to tidy your room. b) remember + -ing form (= recall a past event) I don't remember him ever tidying up his room. 3. a) mean + to-inf {= intend to) She means to start a new life. b) mean + -ing form (= involve) I won't take the job if it means moving to Scotland.

Slide 24: 

4. a) go on + to-inf (= finish doing sth and start doing sth else; then; afterwards) She finished one letter and went on to write another. b) go on + -ing form (= continue) She went on writing till the early hours of the morning. 5. a) regret + to-inf (= be sorry to) I regret to inform you that your services are no longer required. b) regret + -ing form ( have second thoughts about sth already done) He regrets misbehaving. 6. would prefer + to-inf (specific preference) I’d prefer to see you in private. prefer + -ing form (in general) I prefer working on my own.

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7. try + to-inf (= do one's best; attempt) Try to eat less high-cholesterol food. try + -ing form (= do sth as an experiment) Try cutting down on fat. You might get thinner. 8. want + to-inf (= wish) I want to stop smoking. want + -ing form (= sth needs to be done) This room wants tidying up. 9 stop + to-inf (= pause temporarily) He stopped at the garage to have the tank filled. stop + -ing form (= finish; cease) He stopped behaving foolishly.

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Put the verbs in brackets into the -ing form or the infinitive. 1 A:Oh, Mum, this programme's nearly finished. Can't I go on ...watching... (watch) TV for a while? B: No, I want you to do your maths homework and then go on ---------- (write) your English essay. You haven't even started it yet and it's due in tomorrow. To write 2 A:Your dress is filthy. It wants -----------. (wash). B: I know. I wanted ----------- (take) it to the cleaner's yesterday, but they were closed. Washing -- to take

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3. A: I'll never forget -------- (visit) Thailand for the first time. B: Yes, it was such a wonderful holiday. If only I hadn't forgotten --------- (take) my camera. Visiting -- to take 4 A: Why don't we stop --------- (get) something to eat on the way home? B: OK, but we should really stop --------- (spend) money on junk food. To get -- spending 5 A: I'm sorry for------------ (spoil) your plans last weekend. B: That's OK. I was sorry ---------- (hear) you weren't feeling very well. Spoiling --- to hear