The Universe1

The Universe… :

By: Eduardo A. Ayala The Universe…

Table of Contents:

Table of Contents What Already Know… The Creation… It was hot when it was young… It gets cold as it grows… Galaxies, stars, planets… Nebulas… Black holes… White holes… Facts about the Universe! Conclusion

The Universe: What we already know:

The Universe: What we already know We all know that there is no real story behind the universe. The big bang theory well its just a theory it hasn’t been proven. We already know the universe is ever expanding and it holds various surprises and amazing discoveries we are yet to discover. We never known what the universe will hold in store for us…

The creation…:

The creation… In its standard form, the big bang theory assumes that all parts of the universe began expanding simultaneously. But how could all the different parts of the universe synchronize the beginning of their expansion? Who gave the command?  -Andre Linde, Professor of Cosmology 1 About 15 billion years ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. At the point of this event all of the matter and energy of space was contained at one point. The Big Bang actually consisted of an explosion of space within itself unlike an explosion of a bomb were fragments are thrown outward. The galaxies were not all clumped together, but rather the Big Bang lay the foundations for the universe.

The creation..:

The creation.. The big bang theory…

It was hot when it was young…:

It was hot when it was young… The most widely accepted cosmological model is that of the Big Bang. This was proven since the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation or CMBR. Although, strictly speaking, no one knows exactly what ‘banged’, we know from extrapolation that the Universe was infinitely hot at birth, cooling down as it expanded. In fact, even only within minutes of expansion, scientists predict its temperature to have been about a billion Kelvin. Moving backward to 1 second, it is said to have been at 10 billion Kelvin. For comparison, today’s universe is found to have an average temperature of only 2.725 Kelvin.

It gets colder as it grows…:

It gets colder as it grows… Observations made especially on galaxies farthest from us show that the Universe is expanding at an accelerated rate. This, and data that show that the Universe is cooling allows us to believe that the most probable ending for our universe is that of a Big Freeze. That is, it will be devoid of any usable heat (energy). It is due to this prediction that the Big Freeze is also known as the Heat Death. Accurate measurements made by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) on the current geometry and density of the Universe favor such an ending.

Galaxies, stars, and planets.:

Galaxies, stars, and planets. Galaxies are a collection of star systems; any of the billions of systems each having many stars and nebulae and dust; "`extragalactic nebula' is a former name for `galaxy'" wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn There are three types of galaxies: Spiral galaxies such as the Milky Way, consist of a flat disk with a bulging center and surrounding spiral arms Elliptical galaxies are shaped as their name suggests. They are generally round but stretch longer along one axis than along the other Irregular galaxies have no real shape but gravity holds it together. http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/galaxies-article.html

Galaxies, stars, and planets:

Galaxies, stars, and planets Stars are gigantic balls of gas, mostly hydrogen gas. There is so much gas and other material that the gravity of this huge gas-ball holds everything together. There is so much gravity that the gas becomes very dense and hot. There are many different kinds of stars. They come in many sizes and colors. Some stars even orbit around each other. We call these binary stars.

Galaxies, stars, and planets:

Galaxies, stars, and planets A planet is a spherical ball made of gas, rock, ice, or a combination of all three that orbits a star. The International Astronomy Union has an official definition for a planet. It states, "A 'planet' is defined as a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit."

Nebulas…:

Nebulas… Nebulas, one of the most beautiful phenomenon in the universe, are made up of gas left behind by stars forming or exploding.  There are many different classes of nebula, which are: planetary, supernova remnants, diffuse nebula which includes reflecting, emission, and dark nebulas. Small, bright nebulas are called Herbig Haro and are probably jets of gas coming from forming stars. http://library.thinkquest.org/23830/nebulas.htm

Nebulas…:

Nebulas… Planetary nebulas resemble planets, and are actually left over shell material from forming stars during their giant Red Stage.  The shell probably came off before the white dwarf stage of the star.  Several planetary nebulas exist in the Milky Way Supernova remnants are exactly what they say: supernova nebulas are remnants of a star that exploded.  Left over remnants become surrounded by gas, causing a nebula.   One of the most famous supernova nebulas is the crab nebula in the star constellation Taurus. http://library.thinkquest.org/23830/nebulas.htm

Nebulas…:

Nebulas… Diffuse nebulas are extremely large, and can be light years in width.  They have no definite shape, and are either light or dark.  These stellar bodies often contain some of the most striking and amazing objects in the galaxy, and have gases that run in chaotic currents all throughout it. Dark nebulas are nonilluminous or faintly luminous clouds that have never been seen very clearly.   They obscure some of the Milky way, but are too distant for any light even from stars to be seen http://library.thinkquest.org/23830/nebulas.htm

Black holes!:

Black holes! Black holes are the evolutionary endpoints of stars at least 10 to 15 times as massive as the Sun. If a star that massive or larger undergoes a supernova explosion, it may leave behind a fairly massive burned-out stellar remnant. With no outward forces to oppose gravitational forces, the remnant will collapse in on itself. The star eventually collapses to the point of zero volume and infinite density , creating what is known as a " singularity ." Around the singularity is a region where the force of gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. Thus, no information can reach us from this region. It is therefore called a black hole, and its surface is called the " event horizon ." http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes.html

Black holes…:

Black holes… But contrary to popular myth, a black hole is not a cosmic vacuum cleaner. If our Sun was suddenly replaced with a black hole of the same mass, Earth's orbit around the Sun would be unchanged. Of course, Earth's temperature would change, and there would be no solar wind or solar magnetic storms affecting us. To be "sucked" into a black hole, one has to cross inside the Schwarzschild radius . At this radius, the escape speed is equal to the speed of light , and once light passes through, even it cannot escape. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/black_holes.html

White holes…:

White holes… If white holes eject matter so quickly, why do they exist ? Wouldn't they destroy themselves? Maybe they are at the other end of a black hole ?

White holes…:

White holes… The Answer… White holes are VERY hypothetical. They are, in fact, predicted as a possible "other end" of a black hole that has punctured a "worm hole" through space, but black holes are most likely just a point in space without an other side. The matter/energy coming out of white holes is supposedly the matter falling into a black hole. I have only seen them discussed in theoretical physics talks. At one point scientists speculated that quasars may be white holes, but now we are fairly certain that quasars are powered by super massive black holes, in which case the light we see comes from matter as it falls into the black hole. After it falls in, we assume the matter just becomes part of the black hole and does not come out anywhere http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970301.html

Facts about the universe!:

Facts about the universe! The brightest astronomical event in historic times was the supernova of 1054, which produced the Crab Nebula. The supernova was far brighter than Venus. It was bright enough to be visible in daylight and to cast a shadow at night. We know of it through the astronomical records of China, Japan, and the Middle East. The Earth is rotating on its axis at a rate of 460 meters per second at the equator, and is orbiting the sun at a rate of about 30 kilometers per second. The sun is orbiting the centre of the Milky Way at a rate of about 220 kilometers per second. The Milky Way is moving at a speed of about 1000 kilometers per second towards a region of space 150 million light years away called the Great Attractor.

Facts about the universe!:

Facts about the universe! Physicists believe that our universe does not have three dimensions or four dimensions, but eleven dimensions (ten of space and one of time). We do not observe the extra spatial dimensions because they are curled tightly around each other. It is not possible to hear in space. Because there is no atmosphere in space to conduct the sound, it would not carry. So, the object would make a noise, but it would not carry to any receiver, and no one would hear it. Most of the elements found in the human body originated in stars; we are literally made of stardust. If the earth was suddenly to stop then we would be tossed forward at 800mph because the earth is spinning 800mph and since gravity holds us down it doesn’t seem we are moving that fast. http://www.allfunandgames.ca/facts/universe.shtml

Conclusion…:

Conclusion… The universe is a very interesting topic to talk about because the conversation can be endless…just like the universe. Though us on earth know about the universe you can never stop learning about it because there are just simply too many things to learn. And everyday we discover more.

The end…:

The end…