Global Warming ppt presentation

Global Warming:

Global Warming Will Human-Induced Climate Change Destroy the World? By Rich Deem www.GodAndScience.org Note: This slideshow is NOT meant to be printed. View in slideshow mode only because of extensive builds and animations. Go to the website for a printable copy. Requires PowerPoint 2003 or PowerPoint Viewer 2003.

Introduction:

Introduction Is the world getting warmer? If so, are the actions of mankind to blame for earth’s temperature increases? What can/should be done about these issues? Are the potential resolutions worth the cost to implement them?

History of Earth’s Climate:

History of Earth’s Climate Earth formed ~4.6 billion years ago Originally very hot Sun’s energy output only 70% of present Liquid water present ~4.3 billion years ago (zircon dating) Much of earth’s early history erased during late heavy bombardment (~3.9 billion years ago)

History of Earth’s Climate:

History of Earth’s Climate Life appeared ~3.8 billion years ago Photosynthesis began 3.5-2.5 billion years ago Produced oxygen and removed carbon dioxide and methane (greenhouse gases) Earth went through periods of cooling (“Snowball Earth”) and warming Earth began cycles of glacial and interglacial periods ~3 million years ago

Earth’s Temperature:

Sun Earth’s Temperature Solar Energy Solar Energy

Earth’s Temperature:

Sun Earth’s Temperature Solar Energy Radiative Cooling

Earth’s Temperature:

Sun Earth’s Temperature Solar Energy Radiative Cooling

Earth’s Temperature:

Sun Earth’s Temperature Solar Energy Radiative Cooling

Greenhouse Effect:

Greenhouse Effect Sun

Earth’s Atmospheric Gases:

Earth’s Atmospheric Gases Nitrogen (N 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Water (H 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) 99% Methane (CH 4 ) 1% Non- Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Gases

Runaway Greenhouse Effect:

Sun Runaway Greenhouse Effect 97% carbon dioxide 3% nitrogen Water & sulfuric acid clouds Temperature: 860°F Venus

Carbon Dioxide:

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Levels:

170 220 270 320 370 420 200000 400000 600000 Time (YBP) CO 2 (ppm) Vostok Ice Core Dome Concordia Carbon Dioxide Levels 0 Muana Loa Readings CO 2 Levels Since 1958 310 330 350 370 10 20 30 40 CO 2 (ppm) 0

Worldwide Carbon Emissions:

Worldwide Carbon Emissions Carbon (10 9 metric tons) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year Liquid fuel Total Gas fuel Solid fuel

Annual Carbon Emissions:

Annual Carbon Emissions Annual carbon emissions Atmospheric CO 2 Atmospheric CO 2 average 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 0 4 6 8 2 Year Carbon (10 9 metric tons)

Future Carbon Dioxide Levels:

Future Carbon Dioxide Levels Increasing CO 2 emissions, especially in China and developing countries Likely to double within 150 years: Increased coal usage Increased natural gas usage Decreased petroleum usage (increased cost and decreasing supply)

Kyoto Protocol:

Kyoto Protocol Adopted in 1997 Cut CO 2 emissions by 5% from 1990 levels for 2008-2012 Symbolic only, since cuts will not significantly impact global warming

Past Temperatures:

Past Temperatures

Recorded Worldwide Temperatures:

-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year D Mean Temperature (°C) Recorded Worldwide Temperatures Flat Decreasing

Historic Los Angeles Temperatures:

Winter Temperatures 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Summer Temperatures 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Annual Temperatures 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Temperature (°C) Historic Los Angeles Temperatures

2007 Temperature Changes Compared to 1951-1980:

-3 -2.5 -1.5 -1 -.5 -.1 .1 .5 1 1.5 2.5 3.4 2007 Temperature Changes Compared to 1951-1980

Past Temperatures Measurement:

Past Temperatures Measurement Proxy – a method that approximates a particular measurement (e.g., temperature) Ice cores Pollen records Plant macrofossils Sr/Ca isotope data Oxygen isotopes from speleothem calcite (stalactites and stalagmites)

Temperature History of the Earth:

Temperature History of the Earth Little ice age (1400-1840) – 1°C cooler Medieval warm period (800-1300) – 1°C warmer than today Cool/warm cycles occur ~1,500 years Affect mostly Northeastern U.S. and North Atlantic Mostly due to changes in thermohaline circulation  Dramatic shutdown of thermohaline circulation occurred 8,200 years ago as a large lake in Canada flooded the North Atlantic

Main Ocean Currents:

Main Ocean Currents Adapted from IPCC SYR Figure 4-2

Temperature History of the Earth:

Temperature History of the Earth For the past 3 million years, the earth has been experiencing ~100,000 year long cycles of glaciation followed by ~10,000 year long interglacial periods These climate periods are largely the result of cycles in the earth’s orbit – precession, obliquity, and eccentricity

Orbital Parameters: Precession:

Orbital Parameters: Precession Perihelion Apehelion

Orbital Parameters: Obliquity:

Orbital Parameters: Obliquity 22.5 ° 24.5 °

Orbital Parameters: Eccentricity:

Orbital Parameters: Eccentricity Perihelion Apehelion Apehelion Minimum: 0.005 Maximum: 0.061 Not to scale! To Scale!

Orbital Parameters & Earth’s Climate:

Orbital Parameters & Earth’s Climate Age (kya) 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Eccentricity (100 ky) Temperature Obliquity (41 ky) Precession (22 ky)

Temperature History of the Earth:

Temperature History of the Earth For the past 3 million years, the earth has been experiencing ~100,000 year long cycles of glaciation followed by ~10,000 year long interglacial periods Last ice age began to thaw 15,000 years ago, but was interrupted by the “Younger Dryas” event 12,900 years ago

Younger Dryas Event:

Younger Dryas Younger Dryas Event -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 0 5 10 15 20 Age (kya) Temperature (°C) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Snow Accumulation (m/yr) Little Ice Age Ice Age Medieval Warm

Younger Dryas Event:

Younger Dryas Event -44 -43 -42 -41 -40 -39 -38 -37 -36 -35 -34 d 18 O (Greenland) -8.0 -7.5 -7.0 -6.5 -6.0 -5.5 -5.0 -4.5 -4.0 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 d 18 O (China) Younger Dryas Age (kya)

Temperature History of the Earth:

Temperature History of the Earth Middle Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 million ya) Temperatures: 2°C higher than today. 20°C higher at high latitudes 1°C higher at the Equator Sea levels were 100 ft higher Causes CO 2 levels that were 100 ppm higher Increased thermohaline circulation

Temperature History of the Earth:

Temperature History of the Earth Eocene (41 million years ago) Opening of the Drake Passage (between South America and Antarctica). Increased ocean current exchange Strong global cooling First permanent glaciation of Antarctica ~34 million years ago

Temperature History of the Earth:

Temperature History of the Earth Paleocene Thermal Maximum (55 mya) Sea surface temperatures rose 5-8°C Causes Increased volcanism Rapid release of methane from the oceans

Temperature History of the Earth:

Temperature History of the Earth Mid-Cretaceous (120-90 mya) Much warmer Breadfruit trees grew in Greenland Causes Different ocean currents (continental arrangement) higher CO 2 levels (at least 2 to 4 times higher than today, up to 1200 ppm)

Recent Temperature Changes:

Recent Temperature Changes

“Hockey Stick” Controversey:

“Hockey Stick” Controversey 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 -0.8 Year -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Temperature Change ( °C) Direct temperature measurements Mann et al. 1999

Is the Hockey Stick Correct?:

Mann et al. 1999 Esper et al. 2002 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 -2 -1 0 1 2 Temperature Change ( °C) 2000 Year Is the Hockey Stick Correct?

Is the Hockey Stick Correct?:

Is the Hockey Stick Correct? -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 Year Temperature Change (°C) Mann et al. 1999 Esper et al. 2002 Moberg et al. 2005 Mann et al. 2008

U.S. National Academy of Sciences: June 2006:

U.S. National Academy of Sciences: June 2006 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 -0.8 Year -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Temperature Change ( °C) “high level of confidence” “2:1 chance of being right”

Atmospheric Temperatures:

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 1980 1990 2000 Year -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1980 1990 2000 Year Temperature Cgange (°C) Atmospheric Temperatures Troposphere Stratosphere

CO2 Concentration Vs. Temperature:

170 220 270 320 370 0 200000 400000 600000 Time (YBP) CO 2 (ppm) Antarctica 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 SST (°C) Tropical Pacific CO 2 Concentration Vs. Temperature

Consequences of Global Warming:

Consequences of Global Warming

Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Northern Hemisphere:

Global Warming Primarily Impacts the Northern Hemisphere -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1920 1960 2000 Year Temperature Change (°C) 1920 1960 2000 Year Northern vs. Southern Latitude Land vs. Ocean Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Land Ocean

2007 Temperature Changes Compared to 1951-1980:

2007 Temperature Changes Compared to 1951-1980 -3 -2.5 -1.5 -1 -.5 -.1 .1 .5 1 1.5 2.5 3.4

Ice Sheets Melting?:

Ice Sheets Melting? GRACE (gravity measured by satellite) found melting of Antarctica equivalent to sea level rise of 0.4 mm/year (2 in/century) Zwally, 2005 (satellite radar altimetry) confirmed Antarctica melting Greenland ice melting on exterior, accumulating inland (higher precipitation)

Melting Glaciers – Mt. Kilimanjaro:

Melting Glaciers – Mt. Kilimanjaro

Changes in Antarctica Ice Mass :

1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 2003 2004 2005 Ice Mass (km 3 ) Year Changes in Antarctica Ice Mass

Rise in Sea Levels?:

Rise in Sea Levels? Present rate is 1.8 ± 0.3 mm/yr (7.4 in/century) Accelerating at a rate of 0.013 ± 0.006 mm/yr 2 If acceleration continues, could result in 12 in/century sea level rise Scenarios claiming 1 meter or more rise are unrealistic

Changing Sea Levels:

Changing Sea Levels 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 -20 -10 0 10 20 Relative Sea Level (cm) Adapted from IPCC SYR Figure 2-5 Amsterdam, Netherlands Brest, France Swinoujscie, Poland Global Temperature Change

Sea Levels for 450,000 Years:

Time (KYBP) Sea Level (m) 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 Sea Levels for 450,000 Years 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 SST (°C) Tropical Pacific

Increase in Hurricanes?:

Increase in Hurricanes? Two studies showed the total number of hurricanes has not changed However, the intensity of hurricanes has increased (more category 4 and 5 hurricanes and cyclones) Probably due to higher sea surface temperatures (more energy) Difficult to know if this trend will continue 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 0 5 10 15 Data Unreliable Scaled August-October Sea-Surface Temperature Adjusted Atlantic Storm Power Dissipation Index SST/SPDI (meters 3 /sec 2 )

How Much Temperature Increase?:

How Much Temperature Increase? Some models propose up to 9 ° C increase this century Two studies put the minimum at 1.5 ° C and maximum at 4.5 °C or 6.2°C Another study puts the minimum at 2.5°C

Wildlife Effects:

Wildlife Effects Polar Bears Require pack ice to live Might eventually go extinct in the wild Sea turtles Breed on the same islands as their birth Could go extinct on some islands as beaches are flooded Other species may go extinct as rainfall patterns change throughout the world

Effect on Humans:

Effect on Humans Fewer deaths from cold, more from heat Decreased thermohaline circulation Cooler temperatures in North Atlantic CO 2 fertilization effect Precipitation changes Droughts and famine (some areas) Expanded arable land in Canada, Soviet Union

Potential Worldwide Precipitation Changes:

Potential Worldwide Precipitation Changes -50 -20 -10 -5 5 10 20 50

Drought in Africa:

Drought in Africa Lake Faguibine Lake Chad

Cost to Stabilize CO2 Concentrations:

Cost to Stabilize CO 2 Concentrations 450 550 650 750 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Carbon Dioxide (ppm) Cost (Trillons U.S. Dollars)

Possible Solutions to Global Warming:

Possible Solutions to Global Warming

Mitigation of Global Warming:

Mitigation of Global Warming Conservation Reduce energy needs Recycling Alternate energy sources Nuclear Wind Geothermal Hydroelectric Solar Fusion?

Storage of CO2 in Geological Formations:

Storage of CO 2 in Geological Formations Depleted oil and gas reservoirs CO 2 in enhanced oil and gas recovery Deep saline formations – (a) offshore (b) onshore CO 2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery Adapted from IPCC SRCCS Figure TS-7 3a 2 3b 1 4

Conclusions:

Conclusions Global warming is happening Most warming is probably the result of human activities There will be positive and negative (mostly) repercussions from global warming The costs to mitigate global warming will be high – better spent elsewhere?