Myers AP - Unit 10

Myers’ Psychology for AP*:

Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010

Unit 10: Personality:

Unit 10: Personality

Unit Overview:

Unit Overview The Psychoanalytic Perspective The Humanistic Perspective The Trait Perspective The Social-Cognitive Perspective Exploring the Self Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction :

Introduction Personality

Psychoanalytic Perspective:

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Exploring the Unconscious :

Exploring the Unconscious Parts of the mind Conscious Preconscious Unconscious Free association Psychoanalysis Repression

Exploring the Unconscious Personality Structure:

Exploring the Unconscious Personality Structure Personality structure Id Pleasure principle Ego Reality principle Superego conscience

Exploring the Unconscious Personality Development:

Exploring the Unconscious Personality Development Psychosexual stages Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital

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Exploring the Unconscious Psychosexual Stages

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Exploring the Unconscious Psychosexual Stages

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Exploring the Unconscious Psychosexual Stages

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Exploring the Unconscious Psychosexual Stages

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Exploring the Unconscious Psychosexual Stages

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Exploring the Unconscious Psychosexual Stages

Exploring the Unconscious Personality Development:

Exploring the Unconscious Personality Development Erogenous zones Oedipus complex Electra complex Identification Fixation

Exploring the Unconscious Defense Mechanisms:

Exploring the Unconscious Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms Repression Regression Reaction formation Projection Rationalization Displacement Sublimation Denial

The Neo-Freudian Theorists :

The Neo-Freudian Theorists Neo-Freudians Adler’s inferiority complex Horney’s sense of helplessness Jung’s collective unconscious Psychodynamic theory

Assessing Unconscious Processes :

Assessing Unconscious Processes Projective Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach Inkblot Test

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective :

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective Contradictory Evidence Is repression a myth? The modern unconscious mind Terror management theory Freud’s ideas as scientific theory

The Humanistic Perspective:

The Humanistic Perspective

Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person:

Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person Abraham Maslow Self-actualization Self-transcendence Peak experiences

Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective:

Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective Carl Rogers Growth promoting climate Genuineness Acceptance Empathy Unconditional positive regard Self-concept

Assessing the Self :

Assessing the Self Self-report tests Ideal versus actual self

Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective:

Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective Renewed interest in self-concept Criticisms Vague and subjective Individualistic and Western biased Naïve

The Trait Perspective:

The Trait Perspective

Traits :

Traits Trait Describing rather than explaining Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Exploring Traits Factor Analysis:

Exploring Traits Factor Analysis Factor analysis Eysenck and Eysenck Extroversion versus introversion Emotional stability versus instability Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

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Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

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Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

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Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

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Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

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Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

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Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

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Exploring Traits Factor Analysis

Exploring Traits Biology and Personality:

Exploring Traits Biology and Personality Brain scans Brain arousal Genetics Autonomic nervous system reactivity

Assessing Traits :

Assessing Traits Personality inventory Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Empirically derived test Objective test Lie scale

The Big Five Factors :

The Big Five Factors The Big Five Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Emotional stability vs instability Openness Extraversion

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The Big Five Factors

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The Big Five Factors

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The Big Five Factors

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The Big Five Factors

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The Big Five Factors

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The Big Five Factors

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The Big Five Factors

The Big Five Factors :

The Big Five Factors Questions on The Big Five How stable are the traits? How heritable are the traits? Do the traits predict other personal attributes?

Evaluating the Trait Perspective The Person-Situation Controversy:

Evaluating the Trait Perspective The Person-Situation Controversy Person-situation controversy Are traits consistent? Can traits predict behavior?

The Social-Cognitive Perspective:

The Social-Cognitive Perspective

The Social-Cognitive Perspective :

The Social-Cognitive Perspective Social-cognitive perspective Social-behavioral approach

Reciprocal Influences :

Reciprocal Influences Reciprocal determinism

Reciprocal Influences :

Reciprocal Influences Ways individuals and the environment interact Different people choose different environments Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events Our personalities help create situations to which we react

Slide 51:

The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Study of Personality

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The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Study of Personality

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The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Study of Personality

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The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Study of Personality

Personal Control :

Personal Control Personal control Two ways to study personal control Correlate people’s feelings of control with their behaviors and achievements Experiment by raising and lowering people’s sense of control and noting the effects

Personal Control Internal Versus External Locus of Control :

Personal Control Internal Versus External Locus of Control Internal versus external locus of control External locus of control Internal locus of control

Personal Control Depleting and Strengthening Self-Control:

Personal Control Depleting and Strengthening Self-Control Self-control

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control:

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control Learned helplessness

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control:

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control Learned helplessness

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control:

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control Learned helplessness

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control:

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control Learned helplessness

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control:

Personal Control Benefits of Personal Control Learned helplessness Tyranny of choice

Personal Control Optimism Versus Pessimism:

Personal Control Optimism Versus Pessimism Optimism and Health Excessive Optimism Blindness to one’s own incompetence Positive psychology

Assessing Behavior in Situations :

Assessing Behavior in Situations US Army spy training Business use of simulations

Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective:

Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective Based on research Focuses too much on the situation

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Comparing Research Methods

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Comparing Research Methods

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Comparing Research Methods

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Comparing Research Methods

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Comparing Research Methods

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Comparing Research Methods

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Comparing Research Methods

Exploring the Self:

Exploring the Self

Introduction :

Introduction Self Possible selves Spotlight effect

The Benefits of Self-Esteem :

The Benefits of Self-Esteem Self-esteem

Self-Serving Bias :

Self-Serving Bias Self-serving bias People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, successes than failures Most people see themselves as better than average Defensive self-esteem

Culture and the Self :

Culture and the Self Individualism Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism

The End:

The End

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Teacher Information Continuity slides Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

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Definition Slide:

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Definition Slides:

Definition Slides

Personality:

Personality = an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Free Association:

Free Association = in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Psychoanalysis:

Psychoanalysis = Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Unconscious:

Unconscious = according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Id:

Id = a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Ego:

Ego = the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Superego:

Superego = the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Psychosexual Stages:

Psychosexual Stages = the childhood stages of development, (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Oedipus Complex:

Oedipus Complex = according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Identification:

Identification = the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos.

Fixation:

Fixation = according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual state, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Defense Mechanisms:

Defense Mechanisms = in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Repression:

Repression = in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Regression:

Regression = psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Reaction Formation:

Reaction Formation = psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulse into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Projection:

Projection = psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Rationalization:

Rationalization = psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

Displacement:

Displacement = psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

Sublimation:

Sublimation = psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.

Denial:

Denial = psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Collective Unconscious:

Collective Unconscious = Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

Projective Test:

Projective Test = a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT):

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) = a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Rorschach Inkblot Test:

Rorschach Inkblot Test = the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Terror-management Theory:

Terror-management Theory = a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Self-actualization:

Self-actualization = according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Unconditional Positive Regard:

Unconditional Positive Regard = according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Self-concept:

Self-concept = all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Trait:

Trait = a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Personality Inventory:

Personality Inventory = a questionnaire (often true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) = the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Empirically Derived Test:

Empirically Derived Test = a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Social-cognitive Perspective:

Social-cognitive Perspective = views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Reciprocal Determinism:

Reciprocal Determinism = the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Personal Control:

Personal Control = the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.

External Locus of Control:

External Locus of Control = the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

Internal Locus of Control:

Internal Locus of Control = the perception that you control your own fate.

Positive Psychology:

Positive Psychology = the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

Self:

Self = in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Spotlight Effect:

Spotlight Effect = overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

Self-esteem:

Self-esteem = one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

Self-serving Bias:

Self-serving Bias = a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

Individualism:

Individualism = giving priority to one’s own goals to over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than than group identifications

Collectivism:

Collectivism = giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.