ETPppt

ETP: 

ETP VIJAY C. AMBADE

Summons issued by MPCB TO: 

Summons issued by MPCB TO Balabhai Nanavati Hospital, Vile Parle Lilavati Hospital, Bandra Gokuldas Tejpal Hospital, Fort P D Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mahim Cama and Albless Hospital, CST Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Byculla St George Hospital, CST

WHAT IS Effluent ?: 

WHAT IS Effluent ? Effluent is an outflowing of waste water from a natural body of water or from a human-made structure Effluent in the artificial sense is generally considered to be water pollution , such as the outflow from a sewage treatment facility or the wastewater discharge from industrial facilities In the context of waste water treatment plants, effluent that has been treated is sometimes called secondary effluent, or treated effluent. This cleaner effluent is then used to feed the bacteria in biofilters . Hospital effluent - The waste water generated from many sources such as toilets and bathrooms, kitchen and pantries, laboratories, laundry

Basic terminologies: 

Basic terminologies Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD): The strength of the wastewater is often determined by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganism like bacteria in biodegrading the organic matter . The measurement is known as the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): It measures the oxygen equivalent of that part of the organic matter which is susceptible to oxidation by strong chemical oxidiser Total suspended Solids (TSS): It is mainly organic in nature, are visible and can be removed from the wastewater by physical/ mechanical means e.g. screening and sedimentation. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): TDS is referred to as the total amount of mobile charged ions, including minerals, salts or metals dissolved in a given volume of water Sludge: The settable solids separated from the liquid during sedimentation (clarification).

Why hospital effluent needs treatment ?: 

Why hospital effluent needs treatment ? Biomedical waste can be a hazard to the hospital staff and community. Hospital effluent not only has aberrant physico -chemical characteristics but also has high loads of multiple drug resistant bacteria Hence, effluent discharged in municipal sewage can be a grave hazard to the community. The MDR bacteria may cause infections in community members and would pose serious therapeutic problem and can be more dangerous if their drug resistance is transferred to other sensitive pathogens in the city sewage

LEGISLATION: 

LEGISLATION Water Act 1974 Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules 1998 As per Water Act 1974 , Before disposing the wastewater, permission of the concerned authority/pollution control board has to be taken by the concerned industry/organization. While giving such permission in the form of consent letter , the authority stipulates the quality of treated effluent . It becomes  therefore necessary to design an Effluent Treatment Plant.

Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules 1998: 

Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules 1998 Responsibility of the management of the bio-medical waste rests on the "generators" of the waste that is the hospitals. According to Schedule V of the BMW Rules , Environmental Standards for Liquid Waste PARAMETERS PERMISSIBLE LIMITS pH 6.5-9.0 Suspended solids 100 mg/l Oil and grease 10 mg/l BOD (3 days at 27°C 30 mg/l COD 250 mg/l Bio-assay test 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent These limits are applicable to those hospitals which are either connected with sewers without terminal sewage treatment plant or not connected to public sewers. For discharge into public sewers with terminal facilities, the general standards as notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 shall be applicable

Objectives of HOSPITAL ETP: 

Objectives of HOSPITAL ETP To treat the hospital effluent effectively and efficiently to render it harmless from infected materials and chemicals before it is recycled after treatment for various purposes. It should meet all the standards and norms stipulated by MPCB

Planning an Effluent Treatment Plant: 

Planning an Effluent Treatment Plant Which national or international standards must you comply with? ↓ What volume of effluent do you have? ↓ What chemicals does it contain? ↓ At what concentrations? ↓ Do you plan to increase production? ↓ Will this increase the amount of effluent to be treated? ↓ How much can you afford to spend in constructing an ETP? ↓ How much can you afford to spend in running an ETP? ↓ How much land do you have available, or can you buy, on which to build the ETP? ↓ Which ETP expert or designer should be used? ↓ What type of plant will best suit your requirements? ↓ (the answers that you give to the above questions will help you and the designers to decide this). ↓ What capacity do you have in your hospital to manage the ETP? ↓ Do you need to hire more staff or train existing staff?

Effluent Treatment Methods : 

Effluent Treatment Methods Effluent can be treated in a number of different ways depending on the level of treatment required Preliminary Treatment - Removal of large solids such as rags, Physical sticks, grit and grease that may damage equipment or result in operational problems Primary Treatment - Removal of floating and settle-able Physical and materials such as suspended solids, chemical and organic matter Secondary Treatment - Removal of biodegradable organic Biological matter and suspended solids chemical Tertiary/advanced Treatment - Removal of residual suspended Physical, chemical solids / dissolved solids and biological

Mechanisms for treatment: 

Mechanisms for treatment Physical, Chemical and Biological , which all include a number of different processes Many of these processes can be used together in a single treatment plant

Physical Unit Processes: 

Physical Unit Processes Common physical unit operations include among other processes screening, flow equalisation, sedimentation, clarification and aeration Screening : to remove coarse materials A screen with openings of uniform size is used to remove large solids such as cloth , which may damage process equipment, reduce the effectiveness of the ETP or contaminate waterways Flow Equalisation: To equalise wastes by holding waste streams in a tank for a certain period of time prior to treatment in order to obtain a stable waste stream that is easier to treat. Equalisation helps in mixing smaller volumes of concentrated wastes with larger volumes at lower concentrations. It also controls the pH to prevent fluctuations that could upset the efficiency of treatment system, by mixing acid and alkaline wastes. To determine the required volume of an equalization tank the hourly variation of flow needs to be determined

Continued…………………..: 

Continued………………….. Sedimentation : Removal of readily settleable inert and organic solids is accomplished by gravitational settling in a tank referred to as the sedimentation tank, settling tank or clarifier. Sedimentation is also used to remove grit and suspended solids , to produce clarified effluent, and to thicken the sludge produced in biological treatment. Sedimentation should remove most of the suspended solids and a portion of the BOD Aeration : Aeration is required in biological treatment processes to provide oxygen to the microorganisms that breakdown the organic waste Two main methods are used for this, either mechanical agitation of the water so that air from the atmosphere enters the water, or by introducing air into the tank through diffusers

Chemical Unit Processes: 

Chemical Unit Processes Chemical processes use the addition of chemicals to the wastewater to bring about changes in its quality ( Ph control, coagulation, chemical precipitation and oxidation ) Neutralization : This process is used to adjust pH of the waste water to optimise treatment efficiency as untreated wastewater has a wide range of pH values and may require neutralization to eliminate either high or low values prior to certain treatment It can be carried out mainly at the end of the treatment system to control the pH of discharge in order to meet the standards. This is particularly important if bioogical treatment is being used, as the microorganisms used in biological treatment require a pH in the range of 6-8 and will be killed by highly acidic or alkali wastewater. For acidic wastes (low pH) - NaOH , sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate For alkali wastes (high pH) - sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid Hydrocholoric acid is probably better from an environmental view point but can corrode stainless steel therefore plastic or appropriately coated pumps and pipes must be used

Continued…………………..: 

Continued………………….. Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation – Chemical coagulants such as aluminium sulphate (alum) or ferric sulphate may be added to wastewater to improve the attraction of fine particles dispersed in a liquid so that they come together and form larger particles called flocs . A chemical flocculent, usually a polyelectrolyte, enhances the flocculation process by bringing together particles to form larger flocs , which settle out more quickly. Flocculation is aided by gentle mixing which causes the particles to collide

Biological Unit Processes: 

Biological Unit Processes The objective of biological treatment is to remove, or reduce the concentration of, organic and inorganic compounds. Microorganisms use components of the effluent as their “food” and in doing so break them down to less complex and less hazardous compounds There are two main types of processes, by which large populations of microorganisms are brought into contact with effluent in the presence of an excess of oxygen Suspended microbial growth (e.g. activated sludge ) and Attached microbial growth (e.g . fixed film )

Biological Treatment-: 

Biological Treatment- It needs Screening; Equalization unit; pH control unit; Aeration unit; Settling unit Sludge dewatering unit Output quality Evidence shows that output quality from biological treatment can satisfy the national standards for most of the required parameters except colour. According to Metcalf & Eddy (2003) a properly designed biological ETP can efficiently satisfy BOD, pH, TSS, oil and grease requirements

Physico-chemical Treatment: 

Physico -chemical Treatment Basic units needed are screening, equalization unit, pH control unit, chemical storage tanks, mixing unit, flocculation unit, settling unit and sludge dewatering unit Output quality : it is possible to remove much, possibly all of the colour depending on the process used however difficult to reduce BOD and COD to the value needed to meet the national effluent discharge standard, and impossible to remove TDS. The removal rate is dependent on the influent wastewater quality. The removal efficiency of this type of treatment has been found to be 50% and 70% for BOD and COD respectively

Physico-chemical and Biological Treatment: 

Physico -chemical and Biological Treatment Basic units needed are Screening, Equalization unit, pH control unit, Chemical storage tanks, Mixing units, Flocculation units, Primary settling unit, Aeration unit, and Secondary settling unit The physico -chemical unit always comes before the biological unit Output quality : This treatment can therefore raise the efficiency of BOD and COD removal to over 90 %.

Principle and Functioning of hospital ETP: : 

Principle and Functioning of hospital ETP:

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Bar screens : For screening and removal of coarse suspended solids from the effluent while it passes through the bar scanner. Oil and grease Trap: Removes the floating oil and grease from the effluent. Equalization tank: Collects and equalizes the raw effluent. Aeration tank: Mixes the effluent and provides excess of air (oxygen). The aerobic bacteria in the biomass oxidize the suspended and dissolved organic matter and CO2 generated. Clarifier tank : Separates suspended biological material . Part of the sludge is returned to aeration tank to provide biomass for the treatment and excess is flown to sludge drying bed. Filter feed tank: The treated effluent is stored before passing to pressure sand filter. Pressure sand Filter: Removes the fine suspended mater from the treated effluent. Chlorine contact tank: Chlorine is added continuously to inactivate the microbial population. Clean treated effluent water tank: Holds water before it is used for

MGIMS ETP: 

MGIMS ETP

What does wastewater from commercial laundries contain? : 

What does wastewater from commercial laundries contain? Fats, oils and greases (FOG) as well as total suspended solids (TSS), are the major impurities of concern. These impurities are derived from the soils which are removed from clothing as well as from the chemicals which are used. Laundry wastewater may also carry additional impurities

Why are high levels of FOG so undesirable?: 

Why are high levels of FOG so undesirable? FOG and other organic chemicals are digested, to produce carbon dioxide and water, by sewage bacteria which feed upon them. In this process, these bacteria consume and deplete the dissolved oxygen in the water. If untreated wastewater were to be discharged directly into rivers and streams, it would also deplete the dissolved oxygen and put marine and plant life risk.

Why are high levels of TSS undesirable?: 

Why are high levels of TSS undesirable? Undissolved or insoluble matter, floating or suspended in water, imparts a cloudy appearance (turbidity) to it, and is referred to as total suspended solids or TSS. Aside from its unpleasing esthetic appearance, the main concern with high TSS levels is in its ability to harbor harmful bacteria, such as coliforms . These microorganisms are harmful and can be fatal when ingested. They can readily attach themselves and hide on suspended solids, and are not readily disinfected.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE: 

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE A well-designed ETP may not perform if it is not operated properly. However, as ETP operation is a skilled job requiring expertise in environmental engineering, environmental sciences, mechanical electrical trades, laboratory analysis, and trouble shooting, it may not be possible to undertake ETP operation in-house. Hence, many a times ETP operation is outsourced. Criteria for appointing Operation & Maintenance Agency: Statutory registrations & clearance certificates – MUST Approved by Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi Financial requirement (minimum) 1. Annual turnover of 10 times the Tender Value for the last 3 years 2. At least 3 jobs of 50% of Tender Value in the last 3 years 3. Bank Solvency of Rs.50 lakh or equal to Tender Value, whichever is less

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Experience (minimum) Execution of 3 similar orders (in respect of process, volume, type of units, scope of work) from Government or reputed Semi-Govt. Company, in last 3 years, for at least 50% flow of tendere Effluent Treatment Plant. Satisfactory job completion Certificate that should have been signed by Executive Engineer or rank above; certifying the detailed scope of work handled to include Electrical Installations, Programmable Logic Control Panels, Pumping Station, Digester, Chlorination and having maintained an on-site Pollution Testing Laboratory. Minimum 1 Post Graduate Environmental Engineer should have been a permanent employee for the last 3 years (Proof in terms of PF / ESIS No. / Salary Returns to be given). Minimum 1 Post Graduate Environmental Scientist should have been a permanent employee for the last 3 years (Proof in terms of PF / ESIS No. / Salary Returns to be given).

ETP Staff Competency: 

ETP Staff Competency Plant Manager A Post -graduate in Environmental Sciences or a Graduate Environmental Engineer / Chemical Engineer with one year experience or a Diploma in Environmental / Chemical Engineering/ Graduate in Environmental Sciences /Microbiology with three years experience in an in Maintenance or Design ofETP Plant Operator At least a High School Pass with sciences Attended and passed an ITI trade At-least one year experience in the operation of Pumps and Valves at a Pumping Installation Electrical / Mechanical Technician At least an SSC Pass with Sciences Attended and passed an ITI in the electrical / mechanical fitter trade Should have attended a training / refresher cadre for personnel working on Effluent Treatment Plant. Labour /Helper At least be Class VII pass Laboratory Analyst At least B.Sc. with Chemistry with three years analytical experience or M.Sc. with Chemistry with one year analytical experience Attended a training / refresher cadre for Laboratory Analysts for working on Effluent Treatment Plant laboratory.

ETP Staff Training: 

ETP Staff Training Training can be imparted at ETP site by academic/research institutions, by in-house experts, or by sending staff to courses offered by professional bodies. However, experienceshows that the best options is training by experienced ETP operating agency. Such training will be rich in the terms of practical hints, case-studies, and participants will find it easier to communicate with the faculty

Dos and Don’ts in ETP Operation for Safety : 

Dos and Don’ts in ETP Operation for Safety 1. Use safety shoes or boots with non-slip soles. 2. Wear personal protective equipment and chemical resistant clothing to avoid exposure of skin or eyes to corrosive and/or polluted solids, liquids, gases orvapours . 3. Do NOT mix chemicals without the supervision of a qualified chemist or safety professional. 4. Obey all safety-instructions regarding the storage, transport, handling or pouring of chemicals. 5. Check electrical equipment for safety before use; verify that all electric cables are properly insulated; take faulty or suspect electrical equipment to a qualified electricity technician for testing and repair. 6. Wear safety goggles in all cases where the eyes may be exposed to dust, flying particles, or splashes of harmful liquids. 7. Wear respirator, or gas mask, when exposed to harmful aerosols, dusts, vapours or gases. 8. Take extreme care when handling highly corrosive agents such as liquid or gaseous chlorine, concentrated acids or alkalis, or when toxic gases may be emitted from the reagents, etc.

PowerPoint Presentation: 

9. Obey all safety instructions concerning entry into confined spaces, e.g., check atmosphere for oxygen or for poisonous gases, use respiratory protection equipment if needed, have a co-worker stand guard in case of need for help, etc. 10. Do not smoke, eat or drink in areas where chemical or biological contamination may be expected. 11. Use non-latex gloves if sensitivity to latex has been diagnosed. 12. All workers should undergo periodic examinations by occupational physician to reveal early symptoms of possible chronic effects or allergies. 13. Learn and use safe lifting and moving techniques for heavy or awkward loads such as containers of chemicals; use mechanical aids to assist in lifting.

Plant Performance Monitoring: 

Plant Performance Monitoring following parameters are an essential part of analysis at the on-site laboratory 1. pH 2. Total Solids (TS) 3. Suspended Solids (SS) 4. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 6. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 7. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 8. Temperature 9. Chlorine Demand 10. Residual Chlorine 11. Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) 12. Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) and Sludge Volume Index (SVI)

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