trace minerals- func and estimation 1

TRACE MINERALS : 

TRACE MINERALS Dr.Hariharan 1st yr M.D. biochemistry 1 CLASSIFICATION, FUNCTIONS & LAB ESTIMATION

Trace elements-Definition : 

Trace elements-Definition Macro elements-RDA > 100 mg(calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine) Micro minerals/Trace elements-RDA <100mg (iron , zinc , iodine ,fluorine, selenium, copper .) Pharmacologically beneficial: Fluoride for dental caries Lithium salts for manic depression 2

Dose-Effect Relationship : 

Dose-Effect Relationship 100% biological function def toxic intake 3

IRON : 

IRON leafy vegetables, liver, meat, jaggery, iron utensils RDA:20mg Functions: oxygen transport Laboratory Estimation: Serum iron TIBC S.Transferrin S.Ferritin Blood Hb 4

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion: : 

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion: 5 SI liver ferrous plasma Phytic acid, Ca, Cu, lead, oxalate, phosphates Fe2+ and transporter Stored with ferritin Iron + transferrin Bone marrow and other tissues IRON No excretion

COPPER : 

COPPER liver, kidney, nuts, whole grain cereals ingestion increased by Cu containing fertilizers, cooking in Cu utensils, RDA: 1.5-3mg Laboratory Estimation plasma copper, plasma ceruloplasmin. Immunologically measured : enzymatically measured ceruloplasmin  low in Cu def Premature infants have high Cu OCP use inc Cu conc 6

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion: : 

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion: 7 Cu + albumin Cu + cuproenzymes & proteins Cu + albumin Cu+ histidine Organs & muscles Cu in ceruloplasmin (90%) liver SI

Functions : 

Functions 8 copper Connective tissue Lysyl oxidase Extra cellular matrix Cytochrome c oxidase Ferro oxidase Energy prodn Anti oxidant- SOD Ferrous to ferric Dopamine monooxygenase CNS Skin (melanin) Myelin sheath MAO (serotonin degradation)

ZINC-Master hormone : 

ZINC-Master hormone Bound to ptns- red meat and fish, wheat germ, whole bran…… reduced by milling and food processing RDA: 11mg – males, 8mg - females Functions: 300 metalloenzymes Carbonic Anhydrase, ALP, RNA Polymerase, DNA Polymerase, ADH Protein and nucleic acid synthesis Wound healing and growth Zinc fingers –domains in DNA Binding transcription factors Development of sexual organs and bones 9

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion : 

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion 10 Zn- 20 -50% Pancreas, intestinal fluid Zn excreted Ca, phytate, fiber, iron Incorporated into metalloenzymes plasma 80%-bound to albumin alpha2macroglobulin Muscle, bone, RBC liver SI

Laboratory Estimation : 

Laboratory Estimation Plasma zinc – Photometry and AAS Infection, post trauma, chronic disease Hypoalbuminemia  Zn Blood cell Zn Zn in hair Zn – dependent enzymes Metallothionein in RBC Urine Zn 11

SELENIUM : 

SELENIUM Wheat and other cereal products, variation in soil RDA: 100 mic gm Functions > 30 proteins contains selenocysteine GSHP H2O2  H2O Forms 1-RBC 2-GIT 3-Plasma 4-Cell Membrane 12

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Iodothyronine deiodinase; T4T3 Thioredoxin reductase Selenophosphate Synthetase; seleno protein P production  antioxidant Selenoprotein W : skeletal muscle 13

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion : 

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion 14 Seleno methionine Excreted in urine liver SI

Laboratory Estimation : 

Laboratory Estimation Whole blood selenium-Flurometric method & Carbon furnace AAS Red cell GSPH x-1 & plasma GSPH x-3 Selenoprotein P- immunological Hair and nail Se analysis Injury/infection- decreased total plasma Selenium 15

IODINE : 

IODINE supplementation with salt, drinking water, fish, cereals, vegetables RDA: 150-200 mic gm Functions: Component of thyroid hormone Laboratory Estimation: Plasma iodide Free T3, T4 TSH 16

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion : 

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion 17 iodide Plasma iodide THYROID Incorporated into tyrosine of thyroglobulin tissues catabolism bile (T3, T4) + (TBG/TBPA/ alb) liver SI

CALCIUM : 

CALCIUM Milk, egg, fish, vegetables RDA: 500mg Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion 18 Vit D calbindin PTH Hcl, lysine, arginine Phytate, oxalate, phosphate Ca functions

Functions: : 

Intra cellular- Muscle contraction, Hormone secretion, Glycogen metabolism, Cell division, activation of enzymes Extra cellular- Bone mineralization, Blood coagulation, Plasma membranes, vascular permeability and myocardial excitability 19 Functions:

Laboratory Estimation : 

Laboratory Estimation Serum free calcium( adjusted)- photometric methods AAS 20

PHOSPHOROUS : 

PHOSPHOROUS milk, cereals, nuts, meat RDA: 500mg Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion -10% protein bound -35% complexed with Na, Ca, Mg -Intra cellular (RBC & WBC) -Excreted through urine 21

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Functions: inorganic phosphate- hydroxyapatite in bone, buffering organic- nucleic acids, phospholipids, phosphoproteins high energy compounds- muscle contractility, neurological function, electrolyte transport cAMP, NADP Important for activity of adenylate cyclase, 25-hydroxylase, prdn of 2,3 DPG Laboratory Estimation Serum phosphate- photometry 22

MAGNESIUM : 

MAGNESIUM cereals, beans, leafy vegetables, fish RDA: 400 mg for men, 300mg for women Functions: Mg is activator for enzymes like ALP, Hexokinase, fructokinase, phosphofructokinase, Na-K ATPase Release of neurotransmitter at neuromuscular Jn Improves glucose tolerance 23

Laboratory Estimation : 

Laboratory Estimation Serum magnesium Photometry AAS enzymatic methods Free Mg 24

MANGANESE : 

MANGANESE whole grain, nuts, leafy vegetables, soy products RDA: 0.3 to 8.3 mg Functions: Laboratory Estimation: Serum manganesePlastic canulaAAS method Lymphocyte Mn SOD Activity Blood arginase Whole blood Mn using needle 25

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion : 

Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion 26 Mn + albumin Mn + transferrin/ alpha2 macro globulin Other tissues Excreted in bile Fe, Ca, Mg, PO4, fiber liver SI

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Metallo enzymes: Superoxide dismutase- O2 to H2O2 Pyruvate carboxylase- Gluconeogenesis Arginase-Urea cycle Glycosyl Transferase-Proteoglycans - Connective tissue, cartilage bone and skin, wound healing 27 Functions

MOLYBDENUM : 

MOLYBDENUM legumes-peas, lentils, beans, grains, nuts RDA: 45 mic gm Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion: Absorbed as Molybdate 80 – 90 %  bound to RBC ptns. Less amount in Alpha2 macro globulins Excreted more in urine 28

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Functions: Sulfite oxidase: degradation of S containing a.a Xanthine dehydrogenase purine metabolism Aldehyde oxidase Laboratory Estimation: Urine Molybdate Sulphate or Urate in urine Neutron activation analysis(biological samples) ICP-MS 29

FLUORIDE : 

FLUORIDE supplemented in toothpaste and drinking water Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion: Absorbed from stomach and SI Enters plasmaEnters tissues 90% excreted in Urine Functions: Component of bone and teeth Laboratory Estimation: Lab analysis of drinking water Fluoride in urine 30

BORON : 

BORON fruits, leafy vegetables, nuts, legumes RDA: 3mg Absorption, transport, metabolism, excretion: absorbed as boric acid Excreted in urine Functions: Aides in Ca metabolism, brain function, energy production Laboratory Estimation: ICP-AES 31

CHROMIUM : 

CHROMIUM processed meat, whole grain products, green leafy vegetables, beans RDA: 50 micro gm Absorption: in SI, Inc by vit C, Amino acids Transport, metabolism, excretion: Binds to transferrin present in liver, spleen, soft tissues & bones ex in feces and urine 32

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Cr Cr + kinase activity destroys insulin after action Laboratory Estimation: ICP- mass spectrometry, blood(plastic canula) and urine 33 Insulin Insulin receptor Functions

COBALT : 

COBALT Integral part of vit B12- cobalamin Should be supplied as B12 in diet 34

Normal values : 

Normal values 35

References : 

References Tietz- clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics Vasudevan and Sreekumari- text book of biochemistry Chatterjea- Text Book of Biochemistry Pubmed.com 36

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Thank you 37 Happy New year