HERNIA AND ITS CLASSIFICATION :HERNIA AND ITS CLASSIFICATION PRESENTED BY DR. DHIREN B. BHOI M. V. Sc. VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCI. & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND


Slide 2:Hernia – protrusion of contents of a body cavity thro normal or abnormal opening Either congenital or acquired Constituents of hernia – Hernial ring Hernial sac – absent in D.H Hernial contents – intestine, omentum, urinary bladder


Slide 3:Classification of Hernia Based on Location : External hernia – Ventral H, Inguinal H, Umbl. H, Perineal H ii) Internal Hernia – Diaph. H, Gut-tie II. Based on functional alterations: i) Reducible ii) Irreducible – incarcerated H, strangulated H


Slide 4:III. Based on hernial contents i) Enterocoele – intestines ii) Epliplocoele – Omentum iii) Reticulocoele – reticulum iv) Vesiculocoele – urinary bladder IV. Based on cause i) Congenital – anatomical variations ii) Acquired – trauma


Slide 5:Diff diagnosis: Abscess, Tumor, Haematoma, Cyst Treatment: Reduction of contents and application of bandages for 2-3 weeks Local infiltration of irritants Herniorrhaphy – suturing of hernial ring Hernioplasty – covering the gap with mesh and suturing it Kelotomy – enlarging the hernial ring


HERNIA :HERNIA Incarcerated Strangulated


Umblical hernia :Umblical hernia Synonyms – OMPHALOCOELE, EXOMPHALOS Situated in umblical region More frequently seen in bovine calves and foals Congenital or acquired Contents include omentum and fat Treatment includes – # Belly bandages / clamps # Radical surgery – overlapping mattress sutures


Ventral Hernia :Ventral Hernia Synonym – Lateral Abdominal Hernia Herniation through abdominal wall other than a natural orifice Acquired in nature Due to trauma, pregnancy, during parturition, rupture of prepubic tendon Hernial contents – intestine and omentum Treatment - Herniorrhaphy


Inguinal Hernia / Scrotal Hernia :Inguinal Hernia / Scrotal Hernia Inguinal H – herniation through inguinal canal (BUBONOCELE) Scrotal H – herniation extends into scrotum (OSCHEOCELE) Congenital in bitches Acquired in rams and bulls Abduction of hindlimbs – broad stepping Treatment – Herniorrhaphy, ventropexy


Perineal Hernia :Perineal Hernia Seen in old, uncastrated male dogs Herniation through weakened pelvic diaphragm Unilateral or bilateral Contents - Urinary bladder, retroperitoneal fat, prostate, rectum Covered by perineal fascia and skin Treatment – suturing the ring, perineal fascia and skin, cystopexy, rectopexy


Femoral Hernia :Femoral Hernia Synonym – Crural Hernia Very rare in animals Seen as swelling on inner aspect of thigh Herniation of abdominal viscera through femoral canal Interference with normal gait of the animal Recurrence prevented by suturing Poupart’s ligament (Inguinal ligament) to sartorius muscle


Gut-tie :Gut-tie Seen in bullocks Due to castration and occurs only on right side Passage of portion of intestine through a tear in the serous membrane suspending the spermatic cord or between spermatic cord and lateral abdominal wall due to adhesion. If strangulation – intestinal obstruction and colic Diagnosis – per rectum Treatment – Right Flank Laparotomy


Diaphragmatic Hernia :Diaphragmatic Hernia Passage of abdl viscera into thoracic cavity Congenital or acquired Reticulum omasum, stomach, intestine etc Seen in dogs and she buffaloes Herniation at musculo-tendinous junction of diaphragm and mostly rt. hemidiaphragm Clinical signs: Dogs – unthriftinesss, coughing, abdominal breathing, tucked abdomen etc.


Anatomy of diaphragm :Anatomy of diaphragm


Radiographs for D.H :Radiographs for D.H Normal D.H


Slide 16:In Buffaloes – recurrent bloat, abrupt fall in milk yield, scant faeces / diarrhoea, melena, brisket edema, abduction of limbs, regurgitation Death – progressive emaciation and dehydration Diagnosis: By history and clinical findings Auscultation – muffled cardiac sounds, reticular sounds cranial to 6th rib Plain or Contrast radiography Left flank explorative laparotomy


Slide 17:Treatment: Laparorumenotomy 3/4th of rumen evacuated Foreign body in rumen/reticulum is removed Diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy - Abdominal approach - Thoracic approach Prior evacuation of rumen Assisted ventilation, ET intubation Off-fed for 48 hrs after rumen evacuation Maintain the animal with I/V fluids Give prednisolone 1.5-3mg/kg i/m 1/2hr before Hernioplasty Breeding rest for 3-4 months after surgery


Slide 18:THANK YOU