Developmental anomalies of male urogenit

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Assignment on Developmental anomalies of male urogenital system in farm animals PRESENTED BY DR. DHIREN B. BHOI M. V. Sc. VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCI. & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANAND

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Introduction: Developmental anomalies are the congenital defects acquired by an animals during its embryonic stage resulting in various defects at the time of birth Affected animals may be normal or sterile Affected animals should not be bred to prevent such occurrence in future generations

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Predisposing factors: Male animals exposed in utero or perinatally to - a) Exogenous oestrogens like diethylstilboestrol ethinyloestradiol bisphenol A b) Exogenous antiandrogens like flutamide vinclozolin DDT

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Cryptorchidism   is a congenital defect of retention of the testes at some point in the course of normal descent Anorchidism - no testicles  Cryptorchidism - failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum Monorchidism - presence of only one testicle Cryptorchidism can be unilateral or bilateral commonly observed congenital anomaly heritable in some breeds like Boxers, pom, poodles etc. common in stallions and boars and is the most common disorder of sexual development in dogs (13%)

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Predisposing factors include - testicular hypoplasia estrogen exposure in pregnancy breech labor comprome blood supply to the testes delayed closure of the umbilicus resulting in an inability to increase abdominal pressure Bilateral cryptorchidism results in sterility Unilateral cryptorchidism is more common and the male is usually fertile due to sperm production from the normally descended testicle The undescended testicle may be located anywhere from just caudal of the kidney to within the inguinal canal

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The undescended testicle- “ Ectopic testis” Degeneration of germinal epithelium and loss of spermatogenesis Ectopic testicles produce male hormones and animals have normal secondary sex characteristics and mating behavior Unilateral cryptorchids should not be used for breeding After puberty the retained testis becomes hypoplastic, degenerate and fibrotic Affected animals should be castrated as sertoliomas, seminomas, and interstitial cell tumors tend to develop within cryptorchid testicles

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Descent of testis

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The retained testicle is small due to inhibition of spermatogenesis Cryptorchidism in a stallion

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Cryptorchid Pig

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Diagnosis: Careful palpation of scrotum & inguinal region Exploratory celiotomy Treatment : Removal of undescended testis Extra abdominal – incision over the testis Intra abdominal - ventral midline incision Locate the testis by tracing the ductus deferens Double ligate the vessels and vas deferens and divide it Prognosis is good even with neoplasia Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in dogs (Lew et al., 2005)

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Testicular Hypoplasia Common congenital disorder in bulls, ram, boar and stallion Hereditary in origin May be partial or complete May be unilateral or bilateral Characterised by reduction in spermatogonia in gonads during foetal life Sexual desire & coitus is prompt Semen is usually watery with few or no spermatozoa

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Aplasia & Occlusion of epididymis: Due to failure of development of portion of mesonephric duct Common in dogs If bilateral, flow of semen is obstructed and hence infertility Diagnosis – - Biopsy - Palpation of scrotal contents Treatment – Orchiectomy (Castration)

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Hypospadias: is an anomaly of the urethra in the male that involves an abnormally placed urethral opening Instead of opening at the tip of the glans penis, a hypospadic urethra opens anywhere on the ventral aspect of the penis or in perineum or near anus Several teratogenic drugs or chemicals can cause hypospadias by interfering with androgen function in the embryo 5 types depending on the opening – - Glanular - Penile - Scrotal - Perineal - Anal

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Hypospadias - Perineal

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Types of Hypospadia

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Clinical signs – Skin and hair around the orifice are urine soaked & wet Irritation to the animal Diagnosis – Close inspection of penis Treatment - Surgical correction is not usually attempted Excision of remnants of prepuce & penis Bilateral orchiectomy Maintenance of urethral opening in the perineal region is indicated

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Persistent Penile frenulum: It is a fine band of fibrous tissue that connects the glans penis and the prepuce At puberty, the frenulum normally ruptures under androgenic influence Seen in Cocker spaniels, Poodles, Pekingese, calves, boars etc. Pain evident during sexual excitement Dogs continually licks the area Ventral deviation of the gland is noted during coitus and prevents intromission Balanoposthitis may also be seen

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The penis resembles “fish hook” when the bull attempts to mate Affected bulls should not be used for breeding Surgical treatment: Under local anaesthesia, double ligature is applied on the band of tissue and severed Bleeding will be minimum Preputial cavity may be flushed with anitseptic solutions for 2-3 weeks

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Anomalies of Prepuce May be hypoplastic, absent or fail to fuse normally Exposure of distal penis Dogs licks at penis and cause inflammation Trauma results in haemorrhage Usually accompanies hypospadias Treatment – - Partial penile amputation - Scrotal / perineal urethrostomy

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Prolapse of the prepuce is a common defect in bulls, particularly in Bos indicus cattle absence or poor development of the retractor prepuce muscles are predispose to this inherited anatomic abnormality predisposes the animal to injury, which can lead to abscess formation, scarring, adhesion or phimosis Surgical correction of the prolapse is possible Castration should be carefully considered since genetic predisposition plays a role

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Anomalies of Urinary system Renal Agenesis Occurs due to failure of development of mesonephric duct Also no ureter present Renal Ectopia Kidney remains in pelvic cavity because it fails to ascends from its embryonic position Renal function is not fully compromised but there is pressure on colon, uterus or vagina Diagnosis by Radiography or Ultrasonography

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Fused Kidneys Occurs in all species of animals Fusion of kidneys at their caudal poles called as “Horse-Shoe Kidneys” If fusion is extensive, common renal pelvis is formed Renal aplasia is complete lack of development of one or both kidneys If bilateral, it results in neonatal death If unilateral, the opposite kidney is hypertrophied more commonly recognized in the cat & may be inherited in beagles

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Polycystic Kidney results in multiple cysts of varying size in one or both kidneys Compression of renal parenchyma by enlarging cysts causes renal dysfunction Bilateral involvement may lead to CRF at a young age if a large percent of renal parenchyma is replaced with cysts A heritable form of Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) exists in Persian cats Clinical signs and laboratory findings are similar to those of chronic renal failure of any cause Hematuria may be an early sign in some cats

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It appears to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait in Persian cats The cysts range in size from 1mm to > 1cm Diagnosis can be made using excretory urography or less invasively using ultrasound

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Ureteral Ectopia or Ectopic ureters is a congenital defect in which one or both ureters fails to transverse the bladder wall Ureters opens distal to trigone Unilateral ectopia is more common than bilateral Ectopic ureters occur more commonly in females In females, one or both ureters terminate in the vagina (most common), urethra or uterus  In males, the ureter(s) terminate in the urethra

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Clinical signs include urinary incontinence right from birth Continuous or intermittent urinary incontinence is the most frequently reported clinical symptom (Mary and Chew, 2000) Animals can void normally if only one ureter is ectopic 2 types – Extra mural – bypass the urinary bladder & opens into neck of bladder, urethra, vagina Intra mural – enters the dorsal/dorso lateral surface of bladder Diagnosis – Radiography – plain & contrast IVP, Positive contrast cystography, double contrast cystography, retrograde (Taney et al., 2003)

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Candidate for Neoureterocystostomy Extra mural type

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Candidate for Neoureterostomy Intra mural type

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Other congenital diseases include: Bladder agenesis (failure to form) Bladder hypoplasia (small size and capacity) Patent urachus Urachal diverticulum which may predispose to recurrent urinary tract infections predisposition to struvite calculi which is possibly familial in miniature schnauzers Cystinuria in dachshunds

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