logging in or signing up Edema draswinikumars Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Copy Does not support media & animations WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 4701 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (8) Dislike it (0) Added: May 18, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 5 Presentation Description Classifications, approach and treatment of edema Comments Posting comment... By: nirum (24 month(s) ago) a very nice & comprehensive presentation please allow me to download it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sonesandeep (25 month(s) ago) nece video Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: zahraismail (26 month(s) ago) it is very nice presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: shaguftaibtesam (26 month(s) ago) it is a good presentation. Please allow me to download it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: zamani.zohreh (28 month(s) ago) nice presentation plz allow me to download it. i want to keep it in my record for studying Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript edema : edema Dr. S. Aswini Kumar. MD Professor of Medicine Govt Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, S. India, e mail :draswini@in.com 1 Mechanism : Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 1. Drug Induced edema : 1. Drug Induced edema Antihypertensive agents Vasodilators Hydralazine Clonidine Amlodipine Steroid hormones Glucocorticoids Prednisolone Betamethasone Deflazacort Anabolic steroids Hormones Sex hormones Oestrogens Progesterons Testesterone Growth hormones Miscellaneous Immunosupressants Cyclosporines Azathioprine Methotrexate 3 2. Idiopathic Edema : 2. Idiopathic Edema Exclusively in women Unrelated to menstruation Diurnal alteration in edema Diurnal alteration in weight Mechanisms Orthostatic (on standing) Retention of NaCl and H2O Increase in cap. Permeability Fluctuation in severity More in hot climates DD Premenstrual edema Cyclical Retention of NaCl and H2O But related to estrogen Diuretic induced Salt retaining mechanism Overcompensate diuretic effect Acute withdrawal of diuretics Na retaining forces un opposed Fluid and Na retention Edema 4 3. Nutritional edema : 3. Nutritional edema Diet deficient in protein Parasitic infestation Protozoa Giardia Helminths Malabsorption Tropical sprue Coeliac disease Intestinal lymphoma Bacterial overgrowth Intestinal tuberculosis Post surgical Hypo-protinemia Hypoalbuminemia Hypokalemia Caloric deficit Beriberi heart disease Alcoholism Chronic liver disease Re-feeding edema Paradoxical edema due to Na+ intake Increased insulin release Increased Na + reabsorption 5 4. Localized edema : 4. Localized edema Inflammation Cellulitis Abscess Ulcer Hypersensitivity Contact Cement Chemicals Bites Mosquito Bugs Venous obstruction Deep vein thrombosis Homan’s sign and Pratt’s sign Thrombophlebitis Over-exertion/Thready veins Varicose veins Incompetence of valves Lymphatic obstruction Acute lymphngitis Filarial Lymphatic resection 6 5. Myxedema : 5. Myxedema Myxedema Symptom complex in Hypothyroidism with non-pitting edema Weight gain Cold intolerance Hoarseness of voice Thyroidomegaly Signs of hypothyroidism Bradycardia Coarse skin Ankle joint edema Non-pitting nature Pretibial myedema An infiltrative dermopathy of hyperthyroidism Waxy disclored induration of skin Anterior aspect of legs alone Or may spread to dorsum of foot peau d'orange appearance Signs of Hyperthyroidism Tachycardia Warm moist skin High frequency fine tremor Weight loss in spite of appetitie 7 6. Capillary Leak Syndrome : 6. Capillary Leak Syndrome First described by B. Clarkson in 1960 Symptoms generalized edema low blood pressure (hypotension) hemoconcentration hypoalbuminemia without albuminuria The capillary leak phase (1-4 days) Complications Cardiopulmonary collapse Hypovolemia Acute tubular necrosis Rhabdomyolysis Acute Renal Failure Second phase results in the recruitment of the initially extravasated fluid. Intravascular overload polyuria Pulmonary edema Edema may be more severe due to massive fluid supply in the initial phase Causes: Dengue fever, Snake bite, Treatment monitor the patient in order to switch to depletion treatment diuretics or hemofiltration 8 7. Generalized edema : 7. Generalized edema Symptoms Dyspnoea Exertional Orthopnoea PND Signs Raised JVP S3 gallop Displaced apex Dyskinetic apex Symptoms Altered appetite Altered taste Restless legs Myoclonus Signs Periorbital edema High BP Nitrogenous fetor Pericardial rub Cardiac Renal Hepatic Symptoms Abd distension Pedal edema Orthopnoea Alcohol abuse Signs Jaundice Spider angioma Palmar erythema Asterexis 9 Approach to edema : Approach to edema 10 Approach to edema : Approach to edema 11 Investigations : Investigations 12 Management - Reversing the underlying disorder : Management - Reversing the underlying disorder Establish a diagnosis Cardiac Diuretics give symptom relief Does not improve survival Hepatic Spironolactone/Lopp diuretic Paracentesis in grade III ascites Nephrotic syndrome Sodium restriction Combination of loop_ ald antagonist Nutritional Increasing protein intake Supplementing calories Capillary leak syndrome Miscellaneous Drug induced Change of drug to ACEI or ARB Myxedema Administer thyroxine Local Diuretics of little benefit Angioedema Steroids and antihistamines Use non-pharmacological approaches Rest Exercise Stockings Elevation LL 13 Salt restriction in Edema : Salt restriction in Edema Record fluid intake and output Check for body fluid loss Weigh the patient daily Obtain a drug history to check for drugs that promote sodium retention Explain the importance of sodium restriction Teach the patient how to plan a low-sodium diet. Closely monitor the serum sodium levels of high-risk patients Restricting the dietary Sodium Normal requirement Need for control Describe types Restriction needed Supplement with Potassium Items to be deleted Pappad Achaar Fried Snacks Table 14 Site of actions of diuretics : Site of actions of diuretics Loop diuretics inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter in the thick ascending limb Thiazide diuretics, These inhibit the sodium-chloride transporter in the distal tubule Potassium-sparing diuretics Some drugs in this class antagonize the actions of aldosterone (aldosterone receptor antagonists) at the distal segment of the distal tubule Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the transport of bicarbonate out of the proximal convoluted tubule 15 Management of Edema : Management of Edema Proximal diuretics CAH Inhibitors Diamox 250 tid PDE Inhibitors Deriphyllin 100 tid Loop diuretics Frusemide Lasix 40-80 tid Torsemide Tide10-20 tid DCT diuretics Hydrochlorthiazide 12.5 BID Metalazone 2.5-5.0mg BID CCT diuretic Aldosterone Antagonists Spironolactone 25-100mg BD Na Ch blocker- Amiloride 5mg OD 16 Treatment Failure : Treatment Failure Diuretic resistance Failure to create Negative Na+ balance In spite of maximum dosage of diuretics And restriction of salt to <2gm/day Eg. Frusemide at a dose of 240mg/day Non-compliance Non-adherence to drug/salt restriction Decreased renal perfusion/T Secretion Low volume, Arterial disease, Drugs Tolerance Chronic administration of loop diuretics Pharmacokinetics Oral Frusemide has erratic absorption Add adrug with different site of action Use short acting – more frequently Or replace with long acting Important Follow up for adverse effects Hypokalemia and hypovolemia Continuous intravenous infusion Frusemide 10-20mg/hour Truly refractory cases Intensive care unit setting 17 Slide 18: Thank You 18 You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Edema draswinikumars Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Copy Does not support media & animations WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 4701 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (8) Dislike it (0) Added: May 18, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 5 Presentation Description Classifications, approach and treatment of edema Comments Posting comment... By: nirum (24 month(s) ago) a very nice & comprehensive presentation please allow me to download it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: sonesandeep (25 month(s) ago) nece video Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: zahraismail (26 month(s) ago) it is very nice presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: shaguftaibtesam (26 month(s) ago) it is a good presentation. Please allow me to download it Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: zamani.zohreh (28 month(s) ago) nice presentation plz allow me to download it. i want to keep it in my record for studying Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close loading.... See all Premium member Presentation Transcript edema : edema Dr. S. Aswini Kumar. MD Professor of Medicine Govt Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, S. India, e mail :draswini@in.com 1 Mechanism : Mechanism 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 1. Drug Induced edema : 1. Drug Induced edema Antihypertensive agents Vasodilators Hydralazine Clonidine Amlodipine Steroid hormones Glucocorticoids Prednisolone Betamethasone Deflazacort Anabolic steroids Hormones Sex hormones Oestrogens Progesterons Testesterone Growth hormones Miscellaneous Immunosupressants Cyclosporines Azathioprine Methotrexate 3 2. Idiopathic Edema : 2. Idiopathic Edema Exclusively in women Unrelated to menstruation Diurnal alteration in edema Diurnal alteration in weight Mechanisms Orthostatic (on standing) Retention of NaCl and H2O Increase in cap. Permeability Fluctuation in severity More in hot climates DD Premenstrual edema Cyclical Retention of NaCl and H2O But related to estrogen Diuretic induced Salt retaining mechanism Overcompensate diuretic effect Acute withdrawal of diuretics Na retaining forces un opposed Fluid and Na retention Edema 4 3. Nutritional edema : 3. Nutritional edema Diet deficient in protein Parasitic infestation Protozoa Giardia Helminths Malabsorption Tropical sprue Coeliac disease Intestinal lymphoma Bacterial overgrowth Intestinal tuberculosis Post surgical Hypo-protinemia Hypoalbuminemia Hypokalemia Caloric deficit Beriberi heart disease Alcoholism Chronic liver disease Re-feeding edema Paradoxical edema due to Na+ intake Increased insulin release Increased Na + reabsorption 5 4. Localized edema : 4. Localized edema Inflammation Cellulitis Abscess Ulcer Hypersensitivity Contact Cement Chemicals Bites Mosquito Bugs Venous obstruction Deep vein thrombosis Homan’s sign and Pratt’s sign Thrombophlebitis Over-exertion/Thready veins Varicose veins Incompetence of valves Lymphatic obstruction Acute lymphngitis Filarial Lymphatic resection 6 5. Myxedema : 5. Myxedema Myxedema Symptom complex in Hypothyroidism with non-pitting edema Weight gain Cold intolerance Hoarseness of voice Thyroidomegaly Signs of hypothyroidism Bradycardia Coarse skin Ankle joint edema Non-pitting nature Pretibial myedema An infiltrative dermopathy of hyperthyroidism Waxy disclored induration of skin Anterior aspect of legs alone Or may spread to dorsum of foot peau d'orange appearance Signs of Hyperthyroidism Tachycardia Warm moist skin High frequency fine tremor Weight loss in spite of appetitie 7 6. Capillary Leak Syndrome : 6. Capillary Leak Syndrome First described by B. Clarkson in 1960 Symptoms generalized edema low blood pressure (hypotension) hemoconcentration hypoalbuminemia without albuminuria The capillary leak phase (1-4 days) Complications Cardiopulmonary collapse Hypovolemia Acute tubular necrosis Rhabdomyolysis Acute Renal Failure Second phase results in the recruitment of the initially extravasated fluid. Intravascular overload polyuria Pulmonary edema Edema may be more severe due to massive fluid supply in the initial phase Causes: Dengue fever, Snake bite, Treatment monitor the patient in order to switch to depletion treatment diuretics or hemofiltration 8 7. Generalized edema : 7. Generalized edema Symptoms Dyspnoea Exertional Orthopnoea PND Signs Raised JVP S3 gallop Displaced apex Dyskinetic apex Symptoms Altered appetite Altered taste Restless legs Myoclonus Signs Periorbital edema High BP Nitrogenous fetor Pericardial rub Cardiac Renal Hepatic Symptoms Abd distension Pedal edema Orthopnoea Alcohol abuse Signs Jaundice Spider angioma Palmar erythema Asterexis 9 Approach to edema : Approach to edema 10 Approach to edema : Approach to edema 11 Investigations : Investigations 12 Management - Reversing the underlying disorder : Management - Reversing the underlying disorder Establish a diagnosis Cardiac Diuretics give symptom relief Does not improve survival Hepatic Spironolactone/Lopp diuretic Paracentesis in grade III ascites Nephrotic syndrome Sodium restriction Combination of loop_ ald antagonist Nutritional Increasing protein intake Supplementing calories Capillary leak syndrome Miscellaneous Drug induced Change of drug to ACEI or ARB Myxedema Administer thyroxine Local Diuretics of little benefit Angioedema Steroids and antihistamines Use non-pharmacological approaches Rest Exercise Stockings Elevation LL 13 Salt restriction in Edema : Salt restriction in Edema Record fluid intake and output Check for body fluid loss Weigh the patient daily Obtain a drug history to check for drugs that promote sodium retention Explain the importance of sodium restriction Teach the patient how to plan a low-sodium diet. Closely monitor the serum sodium levels of high-risk patients Restricting the dietary Sodium Normal requirement Need for control Describe types Restriction needed Supplement with Potassium Items to be deleted Pappad Achaar Fried Snacks Table 14 Site of actions of diuretics : Site of actions of diuretics Loop diuretics inhibit the sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter in the thick ascending limb Thiazide diuretics, These inhibit the sodium-chloride transporter in the distal tubule Potassium-sparing diuretics Some drugs in this class antagonize the actions of aldosterone (aldosterone receptor antagonists) at the distal segment of the distal tubule Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors inhibit the transport of bicarbonate out of the proximal convoluted tubule 15 Management of Edema : Management of Edema Proximal diuretics CAH Inhibitors Diamox 250 tid PDE Inhibitors Deriphyllin 100 tid Loop diuretics Frusemide Lasix 40-80 tid Torsemide Tide10-20 tid DCT diuretics Hydrochlorthiazide 12.5 BID Metalazone 2.5-5.0mg BID CCT diuretic Aldosterone Antagonists Spironolactone 25-100mg BD Na Ch blocker- Amiloride 5mg OD 16 Treatment Failure : Treatment Failure Diuretic resistance Failure to create Negative Na+ balance In spite of maximum dosage of diuretics And restriction of salt to <2gm/day Eg. Frusemide at a dose of 240mg/day Non-compliance Non-adherence to drug/salt restriction Decreased renal perfusion/T Secretion Low volume, Arterial disease, Drugs Tolerance Chronic administration of loop diuretics Pharmacokinetics Oral Frusemide has erratic absorption Add adrug with different site of action Use short acting – more frequently Or replace with long acting Important Follow up for adverse effects Hypokalemia and hypovolemia Continuous intravenous infusion Frusemide 10-20mg/hour Truly refractory cases Intensive care unit setting 17 Slide 18: Thank You 18