Doaa.M.Reda H1N1

H1N1 “Swine influenza”: 

Under supersivion of Prof.Dr . M okhtr el Z awahry H1N1 “Swine influenza” By Doaa M . REDA

Outlines : 

Outlines What is influenza Types of influenza virus Definition of swine flu H1N1 History of H1N1 Etiology of the disease Incidence of the disease Symptoms & signs Prognosis Molecular genetics Medical diagnosis Molecular diagnosis Medical treatment Molecular treatment conclusions

What is influenza “flu”?: 

What is influenza “flu”? Influenza, or flu, is a respiratory illness that is caused by an influenza virus . Flu is highly contagious and is usually spread by coughs and sneezes of a person who is infected .

Influenza virus: 

Influenza virus In virus classification influenza viruses are RNA viruses that make up of Three of the F ive genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae . Viruses of this family contain 6 to 8 segments of linear negative-sense single stranded RNA .

Types of influenza virus : 

Types of influenza virus The Three types of influenza viruses are A , B and C Influenza A viruses can cause pandemics and it’s the most virulent human pathogens . This type is classified, according to the viral surface proteins Hemagglutinin (HA or H) and Neuraminidase (NA or N). Influenza B viruses are usually found in humans and generally are associated with less severe epidemics . Influenza C viruses cause mild illness in humans and are not a significant concern for human health .

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Virion A Virion B Virion C

Hemagglutinin functions : 

Hemagglutinin functions It allows the attachment of target host cells . I t facilitates the entry of the viral genome into the target cells by causing the fusion of host endosomal membrane.

Neuraminidase function : 

Neuraminidase function I t breaks the linkages between receptors containing salicylic a cid found in the host cell wall to facilitate the release of progeny viruses from infected cells .

Nomenclature of subtypes: 

Nomenclature of subtypes T here are at least 16 different HA antigens , these subtypes are named H1 through H16 T here are 9 neuraminidase antigenic subtypes labeled N1 through N9

Type A virus : 

Type A virus I nfluenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses . Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus are : H1N1 , H1N2 H2N2 H3N1 , H3N2,H3N8 H5N1 , H5N2, H5N3, H5N8,H5N9 H7N1 , H7N2, H7N3, H7N4,H7N7 H9N2, H10N7

Swine Influenza “H1N1”: 

Swine Influenza “H1N1 ” Definition Swine influenza, also called pig influenza , is an infection by one of several types of A influenza viruses which is the H1N1 subtype.

History of H1N1 disease: 

History of H1N1 disease

History: 

History The 1918 flu pandemic ( Spanish flu ) was an influenza pandemic, and the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . The second was the 2009 flu pandemic ( Swine flu ). It was an unusually severe and deadly pandemic that spread across the world .

Etiology “causes”: 

Etiology “causes” The main cause of swine influenza is the H1N1 subtype of the A influenza virus genus .

Incidence : 

Incidence

Incidence: 

Incidence

Symptoms and signs : 

Symptoms and signs

prognosis: 

prognosis The severity of swine flu in humans can range from mild to severe . In its most severe form, death is a possible outcome. With swine flu the emphasis is on recognizing the symptoms early so appropriate treatment can be taken

Molecular genetic of disease: 

Molecular genetic of disease

Medical diagnosis of disease: 

Medical diagnosis of disease

Medical diagnosis of disease: 

Medical diagnosis of disease Swine flu is assumed to be diagnosed clinically by the patient's history of association with people known to have the disease and their symptoms .

Medical diagnosis of disease: 

Medical diagnosis of disease Collection of Nasopharyngeal Specimens with the Swab Technique .

Medical diagnosis of disease: 

Medical diagnosis of disease Collection of tissue specimens from lungs

Medical diagnosis of disease: 

Medical diagnosis of disease CT and X -ray for detecting H1N1 abnormalities.

Molecular diagnosis: 

Molecular diagnosis

Molecular diagnosis : 

Molecular diagnosis Throat swab samples were collected from patients suspected of being infected with the novel H1N1 virus. Virus RNA extractions were conducted in Biosafety Level 3 . RT-PCR targeting Hemagglutinin gene for direct detection of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus .

Molecular diagnosis : 

Molecular diagnosis P atients with the most virulent H1N1 infection forms had elevated levels of one particular molecule called interleukin 17 . High levels of the molecule have previously been associated with inflammation and autoimmune diseases.

Medical treatment: 

Medical treatment

Medical treatment: 

Medical treatment Antivirals The antiviral medications oseltamivir ( Tamiflu ) may be used to treat some people with H1N1 flu. Antivirals are not a cure for H1N1 flu , but will help in relieve some of the symptoms. Antibiotics Antibiotics are used to treat H1N1 flu patients who develop complications. They helps fighting the bacterial infections such as pneumonia .

Molecular treatment: 

Molecular treatment

Gene therapy: 

Gene therapy Using the gene that produce the interleukin 17 which have a great role in fighting the infections as a response of immune system ( gene augmentation ). The immune system is enhanced to face the infection .

DNA-based Vaccines: 

DNA-based Vaccines T he gene of a particular protein is placed in a plasmid and injected directly into the host, or the arm of an individual. The gene begins coding for the protein and presents a gene of the influenza virus on the cell surface, similar to the way humans respond to antigens. By presenting the gene the immune system is triggered to respond.

Recombinant Subunit Vaccines: 

Recombinant Subunit Vaccines The genetic material is placed into a vector, or carrier, virus that is harmless to humans; viruses that infect insect cells are often used. Once the vector delivers the Hemagglutinin gene, protein purification occurs within the cell culture. T he protein ( rather than the whole virus ) is injected into an individual, which then induces an immune response .

Neuraminidase Initiation: 

Neuraminidase Initiation

Conclusion : 

Conclusion Since swine flu is a pandemic disease, there is a variety ways for diagnosis and also a variety ways for treatment, hoping to get the ways for curing, not only treating and prevention is neeeeeeeeded 