plant structure

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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT BODY:

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT BODY NADHYA FADLILLAH

Root :

Root Root is a part of plant that commonly found under soil and the elongation of plant axis. In the group of higher level plant there are two root system, those are fibrous root system found found in monocotyledon and aerial root system found in dicotyledon plant

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The structure of root The structure of root is composed of outer structure (morphology) and inner structure (anatomy). Morphologycally, anatomically root is composed of epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and central core.

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Outer structure Root hairs Root hair commonly is formed near the tip of root and has short age. Root hair has function to enlarge absorption region of mineral and water from soil.

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Root cap (calyptra) Root cap (calyptra) protect the tip of root that has property very soft and easily broken. The outer part of root cover will produce enzyme that has function to decompose certain substance, there are not easily penetrated the tip of root and the tip of root can penetrate wall even very strong foundation of building

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Inner structure Epidermis Epidermis is layer that is composed of one layer of cell it has thin wall and has semi permeable property. The wall of root epidermis forms lumps that finally can from root hairs.

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Cortex Cortex is layer that is composed of several cell layers that has thin walls. In cortex is found intercellular chambers that have function for gaseous exchange process. Cortex is found in the inner part of epidermis, it has ring shape from parenchyma cells, and it has function for food reservation.

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Endodermis Endodermis is the cell layer that is located between cortex and central core. Endodermis has function to control the flow of water and mineral salts from cortex to the central core In endodermic cell is found a part of band shaped called casparian strip that has function to block the passing of liquid from soil through cell wall so liquid flows through cytoplasm.

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Central core (stele) Central core is the middle part of root that is located in inner part of endodermis. The central core consist of pericycle and vascular boundes (xylem and phloem). the pericycle consist of parenchyma type cell lies between endodermis and vascular tissue that comes from procambium cell. Inside pericycle of young root is found xylem and phloem tissue.

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In dicotyledon plant , woody vascular (xylem) is located in wood part, while filter vascular (phloem) is located in the skin part of plant. Xylem and phloem lie in one bundle called vascular bundle. Between xylem and phloem is found cambium that has function to form new phloem outward and new xylem inward, so dicotyledon plant can get enlargement growth.

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In monocotyledon plant, xylem and phloem are located spreadingly. Commonly monocotyledon plant has no cambium so monocotyledon plant doesn’t has enlargement growth.

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The difference between roots of monocotyledon and dicotyledon plant DIFFERENCE MONOCOTYLEDON DICOTYLEDON ROOT SYSTEM FIBROUS AERIAL BOUNDARY OF ROOT END WITH CALYPTRA CLEAR NOT CLEAR PERICYCLE ITS CONSIST OF SEVERAL CELL LAYER OF THICK WALL ITS CONSIST OF ONE CELL LAYERS OF THICK WALL LOCATION OF TRANSPORTATION BUNDLE XYLEM AND PHLOEM ALTERNATINGLY HAS COLLATERAL PROPERTY , PHLOEM IS OUTSIDE, XYLEM IS INSIDE MEDULA EXIST NOT EXIST CAMBIUM NOT EXIST EXIST

2. THE FUNCTION OF ROOT:

2. THE FUNCTION OF ROOT Absorbing water and mineral Through its root hair, the root can absorb water and mineral salts solved in soil with osmosis. Osmosis is transverse of water molecule from lower concentration to the higher concentration through membrane. Its caused by the presence of root pressure power.

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Sticking and supporting body. Root has function to stick plant body to the soil so plant can sticks strongly in the place where a plant lives. Root also has function to support another part of plant body (organs).

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As storage of food reservation In certain plant, such as cassava, carrot and dahlia flower root has function as place to store food reservation. Helping respiration Root can function to help respiration, because oxygen can enter through root by diffusion. Diffusion is transfer process of molecule from one solution of higher concentration to the solution of lower concentration.

B. Stem:

B. Stem The structure of stem The outer structure of stem in higher level plants is separated of outer structure of herbaceous plant (not woody) and outer structure of woody plants. The inner structure of stem is equal to root, that is consist of epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and central core.tr

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Outer structure. The outer structure plant of herbaceous plants. The stem of herbaceous plant commonly has characteristic: soft, has green color, its woody tissue is a little amount or not existing at all, the size of stem is small, and has short age. In epidermis is found stomata so can happen gaseous exchange of oxygen with carbon dioxide.

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The outer structure of woody plants. The stem of woody plant commonly has characteristic: its has hard stem, thick, has chocolate color, and has long age. The old stem, its surface is rather rough, and in a certain region is found lenticels. Lenticels is opened lumps, in stem and relates with intercellular chamber in inner part that has function as gaseous exchange place in plant. Both have chlorophyll so can do photosynthesis process. But ability to do photosynthesis while disappear when cork layer is formed.

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Inner structure Epidermis Epidermis is outer layer so intercellular chambers are not found. Its cell wall is rather thick and its outer layer is covered by cuticle. Epidermis has function as protector layer to protect layers inside of it.

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Cortex Cortex is layer that is found in the inner of epidermis. Its cell is round, has thin cell wall, and has big vacuole. Cortex has function to store food in stem. Cortex consist of several cell layers with air cavities between its cells so have function for gaseous exchange. In certain plant, cortex cell wall has thickening that has function to support or strengthening plant body.

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Endodermis Endodermis is layer that is located between cortex and central core. Commonly endodermis cell contain flour substance grains. In stem, this layer is not too clear and almost unites with cortex.

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Central core Central core is the most inner layer. Inside of its found xylem, phloem and medulla. Xylem and phloem form transport vascular bundle that is found along stem, branch, trunk, and leaf bone. Xylem consist of tubes of thick walls with not smooth walls, but spiraled to form ring of spiral. Xylem has function to transport water and mineral salt that solved in root too the leave.

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Phloem has tube shape that has small pores in its base like filter. Phloem has function to transport photosynthesis product from leaves to the entire part of plant.

Slide 26:

The bundle of transport vascular of dicotyledonous plant. The bundle of transport vascular in dicotyledonous stem is located regularly. Between xylem and phloem is found cambium. The cambium cell always split to form new xylem and phloem. This cambium activity causes stem become big. The fission of cambium outward forms phloem and inward forms xylem.

Slide 27:

Cambium activity is influence by reservation of water and food substance. The diameter of xylem is larger if much of water and smaller if a little of water. Because of the presence of the growth difference during rainy season and dry season, in the stem is found boundaries of circle shaped so is called annual ring. By counting the number of annual ring, we can calculate the age of that dicotyledonous plant. In the old dicotyledonous stem, epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and phloem that is first time formed has gone while in cambium circle, woody part is still unites.

Slide 28:

The bundles of transport vascular of monocotyledon stem The bundle of transport vascular in monocotyledon stem is located spreading. Between xylem and phloem is not found cambium, so the stem of monocotyledon only grows enlengthen. Its enlargement is limited only until certain size.

Slide 29:

Difference of dicotyledon and monocotyledon stems SEPARATOR DICOTYLEDON MONOCOTYLEDON LOCATION OF TRANSPORT BUNDLE REGULER SPREADING CAMBIUM EXIST NOT EXIST GROWTH ENLENGTHEN AND ENLARGEMENT ENLENGTHEN, LIMITED ENLARGEMENT

Slide 30:

Function of Stem Stem has main function to distribute water and mineral salt from root to leave and distributing food substance of photosynthesis products from leaves to entire parts of plant. Stem also has function as the place of sticking of leaves, flower and seed do easily strut by sunlight and its easily happens pollination as well as spreading of fruit and seed.

C. LEAF:

C. LEAF The structure of leaf Outer structure Leaves has shape of widening flat and has green color, but some leaves have needle shape of scale or thrown like in cactus Based on composition of leaf, leaf is separated to be simple leaf and compound leaf. Simple leaf is leaf that has one leaf in its stalk, while compound leaf that has some one more than one leaves in one stalk.

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Based on shape of composition of veins, leaf is separated : Pinnafitid leaf, like in mango leaf Palmate leaf, like in papaya leaf Bending boned, like in wheat leaf Lancolate leaf, like in corn leaf Pinnafitid leaf and palmate leaf are commonly found in dicotyledon plant, while bending and parallel boned leaves are commonly found in monocotyledon plant.

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Based on the shape of leaf edge, leaf is separated to be entire edged leaf, for example in jackfruit leaf and nonflat edge leaf for example in rose leaves.

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Inner structure Epidermis Epidermis consist of top epidermis and bottom epidermis. Epidermis is covered by cuticle, that is the part that is hard penetrated by water so it has function to rumpled the vaporization of water. Top epidermis is also called the outer layer, it has function to protect parts below it. In leaf epidermis its found slits that are pinched by two guardian cell. Stomata has function as the gate for air and connect free air cavity in coral flower tissue.

Slide 36:

Stomata that is only found in the bottom epidermis commonly is found in dicotyledon plants, while in monocotyledon plant found in top and bottom epidermis.

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Palisade tissue Palisade tissue is found under top epidermis. Its cell are long and composed densely like pole, so its often called as pole tissue. Its cells many contains chloroplast the place to from chlorophyll, so in this tissue happen photosynthesis process.

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Spongy tissue (coral flower tissue) Spongy tissue is located under palisade tissue. Its called as spongy tissue because its cell are composed not dense so its found air cavities the gaseous exchange happens. In this tissue is found transport vascular of vein transport tissue consist of xylem and phloem.

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The function of leaf The place of photosynthesis Photosynthesis process happens in mesophyll cell, particularly in palisade tissue that contains the most of chloroplast.

Slide 40:

The place of gaseous exchange In leaf epidermis is found stomata that function in gaseous exchange the gate air and also cones free air with air cavity that is found in spongy tissue.

D. FLOWER:

D. FLOWER The structure of flower Sepal (calyx) Sepal has function to protect inner parts of flower particularly in flower that still bud. Petals (corolla) Various color in petal has function to attract attention or pollinator insects.

Slide 44:

Stamen Stamen is male reproduction organs that is located in the middle of petal, its location is adjacent with pistil and commonly surrounds pistil. stamen consist of filament and anther. Filament has function to support anther. In anther is found pollen grain that contains male gamete.

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Pistil Pistil is female reproduction organs that is found in centre part of flower. Pistil consist of stigma, style, ovule, ovary, and ovum.

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The function of flower The main function of flower is as generative reproduction organ. Besides as generative reproduction organ, flower also has function as plant ornament jewelry. The ornament consist of sepal and petal. Flower that has generative reproduction organs and plant ornament organs is called complete flower.

E. FRUIT:

E. FRUIT The kinds of fruit Fruit develops from pistil, that is the part of its ovary if happens fertilization. Fertilization is fission process of ovum with sperm inside pistil. Based on its formation : Fruit Fruit is fruit that is formed by all tissue in ovary. Exp: papaya, durian.

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False fruit False fruit that is formed not only from its ovary but also comes from another parts of the flower. Exp: Pineapple, its formed from ovary and sepal Apple, comes from swelling (enlarging) flower Nangka, comes from sepal that grows thicken and has meat Meat guava, comes from enlarging flower stalk.

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The structure of fruit Fruit is composed of seed, fruit meat, and fruit skin. 1. outer layer (epicarp) that is hard 2. middle layer (mesocarp) of thick and has meat or fibrous. 3. inner layer (endocarp) of thin layer or hard cell layer.

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The function of fruit Fruit that inside is found seed has function as plant embryo.

F. SEED:

F. SEED The seed is main reproduction organ for seed plant because inside that seed is found forthcoming of new individual (plant). Seed is formed fertilization product that happens inside ovary. Ovary is separated into two, those are ovule packed by fruit leaves, such as seeds and ovule that is not packed by fruit leaves.

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Seeds is divided into three main parts those are seed skin endosperm, and embryo. Endosperm Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and gives food to embryo or it has function as food reservation.

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Embryo Embryo consist of radicle, cotyledone, and epicotyls. Cotyledone has function as photosynthesis organ and the place of food reservation. Embryo is packed by two layers: Outer layer (seed skin) Seed skin is a seed packer layer it commonly has property of dry and hard Inner layer (endosperm)

G. THE TRANSPORTATION PROCESS OF SOLVED WATER AND MINERAL IN PLANT:

G. THE TRANSPORTATION PROCESS OF SOLVED WATER AND MINERAL IN PLANT Root pressure Root pressure is pressure that comes from outside of root so causes water with solved substance move upward. Root hairs take water from soil by osmosis because its cell wall has semi permeable property and its cell liquid is denser than soil water. water movement by osmosis from cell to cell produce called root pressure.

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Capillarity power The rise of the water and mineral salts is the cause of adhesion power between xylem wit water molecule. The adhesion power in xylem cause water is inclined to stick and spread upward, so the narrower vascular bundle the higher the water moves upward.

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Absorptive capacity of leaf Absorptive capacity of leaf causes water in vascular bundle is sucked up into the leaf. Water that is sucked function to replace the loose water as the cause of transpiration process. The power produce by transpiration process is called absorptive capacity leaf. Transpiration is influence by: Temperature Relative humidity Atmospheric pressure Light The reservation of soil water