Fire Safety

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Fire Training

FIRE TRAINING : 

FIRE TRAINING Causes of fires – steps to deal with fire on electrical installations, class of fires, types of fire-extinguishers used – hand appliances comprising water, sand-bucket, and chemical extinguishers, e.g., Hose-reels, CO2 & chemical foam extinguishers.

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Fuel Oxygen Heat Fire Triangle Causes of fires

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Fire Triangle =

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The fire triangle illustrates the elements that must be present in order for a fire to sustain burning. First, a fire needs oxygen to sustain combustion or in other words to be able to breathe. Second, enough heat must be available to raise the material to its ignition temperature. Third, the material that is burning is considered the fuel of the fire. Therefore, the components of the fire triangle and the elements needed for a fire to be present are fuel, oxygen, and heat. The chemical chain reaction between the three components creates the phenom of fire. If you eliminate just one of the three elements, you can extinguish the fire. This is very important.

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Preventing Fire Remove Any Element of The Fire Triangle to Extinguish or Prevent a Fire. ie. Remove Fuel, or Remove Oxygen, or Remove Heat.

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Remove Oxygen Methods to Remove Oxygen Smother with Fire Blanket, Fire Fighting Foam, Sand, Soil, Closing Doors Smother with CO2

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Restrict the Fuel Source Turn Off the Fuel Source at the Main Controls or Isolation valve.

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Reduce the Heat Reduce the Heat of the Substance Lower than its Combustion Point

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Causes of Electrical Fires The main cause of fire is faulty electrical installation but very often the electrical wiring is blamed when the cause of the fire may be else­where. It is, therefore, essential that every case of fire should be inves­tigated carefully by an experienced official to determine the exact cause. The electrical fires may start due to any one of the following causes:

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Causes of Electrical Fires 1. Overloading of Wires: Many fires are caused by overheating of conductors due to their abnormally heavy currents. It is a bad practice for human being to connect too many electrical appliances on one plug point by the use of adapters. Do not connect any load without checking the carrying capacity of the wiring. Electrical fires also occurs when bare wires coming in contact with each other.

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Causes of Electrical Fires 2. Improper Maintenance: Fires may be caused if the installations are not maintained properly. A poor joint in wiring may cause overheating and lead to fires. If the insulation deteriorates, a short circuit may occur causing a heavy spark. Use of inferior quality of materials also causes electrical fires.

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Causes of Electrical Fires 3. Incorrect Fuses: The majority of fires are caused due to incorrect capacity of the fuses. It is essential to split up the whole installation into several sub-circuits and protect each circuit by correct size of fuse. If it is not done, overloads and short circuit cause fire. When proper protec­tive devices are not employed, it causes electrical fires.

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Causes of Electrical Fires 4. Explosive Atmosphere: Special care is required when using elec­trical apparatus in situations where explosive atmosphere obtain, such as in garages, petrol storage tanks, mines, etc.

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How to Deal with Fire on an Electrical Installation First switch off the supply to the affected area immediately and then try extinguishing the fire with the means readily available. Do not throw water on equipment. It will be harmful to you. Because water is good conductor of electricity. Do not use a fire extinguisher on electricity unless it is suitable for that purpose. Wear electrician rubber gloves while working above 440 volts. Sufficient number of fire buckets filled with sand and water should to kept ready at hand.

Fire Classification : 

Fire Classification Wood, Paper, Plastic, Cloth Flammable Liquids, Grease, Gas Electrical Combustible Metals The classifications are important to understand since each type of fire extinguisher is designed for a specific class of fire. Picking the wrong type of extinguisher for the type of fire could make the situation much worse.

Extinguisher Selection : 

Extinguisher Selection

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Hose Reels

Extinguisher Characteristics : 

Extinguisher Characteristics Water Extinguisher Class A Fires (wood, paper, cloth) 30 – 40 ft. range Lasts 60 seconds CO2 Extinguisher Class B Fires (grease, oil, gas) 3 – 8 ft. range Lasts 10 – 30 seconds Cools or removes heat from the fire

Extinguisher Characteristics : 

Extinguisher Characteristics ABC Extinguisher Class A, B, C fires (dry chemical) 5 – 20 ft. range Lasts 10 – 20 seconds Smothering effect on fire by removing oxygen. K Extinguisher Class B Fires (cooking oil) 8 – 15 ft. range Lasts 30 – 45 seconds Cooling and smothering effect on fire.

Mobile Extinguishers : 

Mobile Extinguishers Capacity 45kg -70kg Duration 35sec -55 sec Range 8-10m

Portable Fire Extinguisher Use : 

Portable Fire Extinguisher Use P.A.S.S Method

Fire Extinguisher Operation : 

Fire Extinguisher Operation The acronym “PASS” is sometimes used to describe the use of extinguishers. It stands for: P- Pull the pin. A- Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. S- Squeeze the operating handle. S- Sweep the discharging contents across the base of the fire.

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER MOUNTING. Pressure Gauge Fire extinguisher symbolic sign Discharge Nozzle Mounting surface Floor area below equipment Cylinder Operating instructions Activation lever (complete with safety pin) Service Maintenance label Fire extinguisher information disk K E E P C L E A R

When NOT to Use a Fire Extinguisher : 

When NOT to Use a Fire Extinguisher If you don’t have the correct type or a large enough extinguisher. If the fire is producing a large amount of smoke. If the fire is more than 2 ft. high or is moving rapidly. The final rule, and most important—Always place yourself between the fire and an exit. Never try to use an extinguisher without an escape route.

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Do not get excited, raise the alarm on seeing a fire originating somewhere. Try to control the fire in small area. Do not allow it spread to adjacent equipment and buildings etc. Inform the fire brigade. Open all the exits. Do not create panic. Actions to be taken in case of fire:

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Keep away from the burning debris falling from the ceiling, door or walls. Do not try to save property, but try to save the life of someone, if possible. Escape from the windows of an upper storey burning room by means of turban, drainage pipes or ladders. Actions to be taken in case of fire:

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Do not run if your clothes catch fire. Wrap yourself in the blanket or coat etc. Clothes also be torn away to save the life. Provide first aid to a person who has injuries due to burning. Rush him to hospital immediately if burns are serious. Actions to be taken in case of fire:

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Non-conducting liquids like carbon-tetra-chloride etc, be used to extinguish the fire. CO2 can also be used. If using the fire extinguisher, stay as near as possible to the door and aim directly whatever is burning. Aim at the part of the tire which is nearest. If flames are travelling up a wall, put off the fire at bottom first and follow up. Actions to be taken in case of fire:

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These provide best method of fire aid fire-fighting for A-class fires. They consist of 25.4 m of length having 63 mm dia. of reinforced rubber tubing connected to a pressurized water supply with a shut off nozzle attached to the end of the hose. It is essential that this type of extinguisher is maintained in the correct operating posi­tion during use. When it is reversed from this position, the gas generated will escape through the nozzle leaving the water in the container. This type of extinguisher is unsuitable for petrol, oil, spirit and electrical fires. It can extinguish fire with a distance of 10 m. HOSE REELS:

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This type of extinguisher is used for fighting the fire in cotton, cloth or wood etc. It consists of a container filled with aqueous solution of Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3). A sealed glass bottle filled with dilute Sulphuric Acid is placed in the Sodium Bicarbonate solution in such a way that it can be broken up by a gentle push on the screw fitted over it. When Sulphuric Acid comes in contact with Sodium Bicarbonate, it produces Carbon Dioxide gas and water mixture. H2SO4 + 2NaHCO3 2CO2 + 2H2O + Na2SO4 The shower of Carbon Dioxide gas and water extinguishes the fire quickly. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER:

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Carbon Dioxide gas cuts the supply of Oxygen to the fire and water reduces the temperature of burning goods. This instrument is also known as Soda-Acid extinguisher. Carbon Dioxide filled extinguishers are the most suitable type for class A fires and must not be used on either class B or class C fires. It can extinguish fire which is upto about 15 m away from the fire extinguisher. CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER:

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This type of Extinguishers filled with dry powder may be of the gas cartridge or stored pressure type. They are similar in appearance to their water filled counterparts and have the same method of operation. The main distinguishing feature is the fan shaped nozzle. This type of Extinguishers are also called ABC Extinguishers. DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHERS: