Kyoto Protocol

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KYOTO PROTOCOL Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 1

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Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 2 GLOBAL WARMING Green House Effect Green House Gases Effects of Global warming

GREEN HOUSE EFFECT : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 3 GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

GREEN HOUSE GASES : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 4 GREEN HOUSE GASES Carbon Dioxide Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Sulphur hexafluoride Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Carbon Monoxide Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) Direct Greenhouse Gases Indirect Greenhouse Gases

GREEN HOUSE GASES : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 5 GREEN HOUSE GASES Top-five emitters of Green House Gases:

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 6 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING Rise in temperature Increase in sea level Increase in floods, droughts & other calamities Fluctuations in the pattern of Flora and Fauna

WHY KYOTO PROTOCOL?? : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 7 WHY KYOTO PROTOCOL?? “ global problems need…. …..global solutions”

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Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 8 SCOPE Definition of Kyoto Protocol Background Objectives of the Protocol Details of the agreement Government action and emissions Views on the Protocol References

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Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 9 KYOTO PROTOCOL Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Adopted on 11 Dec 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force 16 Feb 2005 187 states have signed and ratified 1990 emission levels were accepted as benchmark,

BACKGROUND : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 10 BACKGROUND In 1979, First world Climate Conference held In 1987, Montreal Protocol signed In 1988, IPCC established In 1992, FCCC signed in Rio In 1995, First session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 1) to the FCCC in Berlin COP2(1996) in Geneva & COP3(1997) in Kyoto

OBJECTIVES : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 11 OBJECTIVES Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012 The targets apply to the four greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, and two groups of gases, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons

OBJECTIVES : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 12 OBJECTIVES There are three requirements: Early achievement of the objectives Food production should not be threatened Minimise Green house Gases and need Consistent climate change

OBJECTIVES : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 13 OBJECTIVES Five principal concepts of the Kyoto Protocol are: Commitments: Legal binding for Annex I countries, as well as general commitments for all member countries. Implementation: Annex I countries are required to prepare policies and measures for the reduction Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries Accounting, Reporting and Review Compliance with the commitments

DETAILS : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 14 DETAILS The Protocol defines three "flexibility mechanisms" that can be used by Annex I countries in meeting their emission reduction commitments International Emissions Trading (IET) Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) Joint Implementation (JI) IET is based on the setting of a quantitative restriction of emissions, while the CDM and JI are based on the idea of "production" of emission reductions

DETAILS : 

DETAILS International Emissions Trading (IET) “ A country under its limits can sell emission rights to another country or to a corporation in a country” Joint Implementation (JI) “ A country wishing to expand and increase its emission, can earn the right to do it by making investments elsewhere in the world” Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) “ Generate emission reduction from projects” Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 15

DETAILS : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 16 DETAILS National emission targets exclude international aviation and shipping Kyoto Parties can use Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) in meeting their targets Forest management, cropland management, grazing land management, and revegetation are all eligible LULUCF activities under the Protocol

DETAILS : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 17 DETAILS Financial commitments Developed countries have to pay billions of dollars, and supply technology to other countries for climate-related studies and projects Enforcement If an annex I country is not in compliance with its emissions limitation, then that country is required to make up the difference plus an additional 30%

DETAILS : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 18 DETAILS Base year UK and Germany had high CO2 emissions in 1990 Japan promoted the idea of flexible baselines, and favoured a base year of 1995 for HFCs Emissions cuts Final days of negotiation of the Protocol saw a clash between the EU and the US and Japan EU aimed for reductions of 10-15% US and Japan supported reductions of 0-5%

DETAILS : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 19 DETAILS The final commitments include 8% cut from the 1990 base year for the EU, 7% for the US, 6% for Canada and Japan no cut for Russia 8% increase for Australia This sums to an overall cut of 5.2% below 1990 levels. Since Australia and the US did not ratify the treaty, the cut is reduced from 5.2% to about 2%

DETAILS : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 20 DETAILS The Issues Left Unresolved at Kyoto National governments still to ratify No commitment from developing countries No details on specific policies & measures to meet reduction targets No details on implementing permits system, including penalties

DETAILS (continued...) : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 21 DETAILS (continued...) No details on funding mechanism for developing nations Unresolved issue of fuels used in shipping & air travel

GOVERNMENT ACTION : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 22 GOVERNMENT ACTION Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC (including the US) managed a cut of 3.3% in GHG emissions between 1990 and 2004 Japan expects to meet its Kyoto target, which includes a 1.6% reduction from CDM projects and a 3.9% reduction from carbon storage In Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Switzerland, emissions have increased by 25% compared to the base year

GOVERNMENT ACTION : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 23 GOVERNMENT ACTION Inclusion of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) into the future Kyoto Protocol Further rounds of negotiation COP 16 in Cancun, Mexico in 2010 COP 17 ,South Africa in 2011 COP 18 ,Qatar or South Korea in 2012

VIEWS ON THE PROTOCOL : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 24 VIEWS ON THE PROTOCOL The Framework Convention and its Protocol include provisions for future policy actions to be taken. World Bank commented as The treaty had provided only limited financial support to developing countries to assist them The treaty was negotiated in 1997, but by 2005, energy-related emissions had grown 24%

VIEWS ON THE PROTOCOL : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 25 VIEWS ON THE PROTOCOL Major problems with the approach: Problem viewed as a technical issue No mention of reducing consumption in developed nations Reductions are not large enough to prevent major climate effects Little sense of urgency or appreciation of the magnitude of the problem

SPRAY DIAGRAM : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 26 SPRAY DIAGRAM KYOTO PROTOCOL OBJECTIVES GOVT. ACTIONS VIEWS DETAILS DEFINITION GHG GLOBAL WARMING PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS TARGET 5.2% Reduct. Flexibility Mechanism LULUCF Unresolved issues UNFCCC Japan -5.5% Canada, AUS NZ- +25% Future Policy

REFERENCES : 

Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 27 REFERENCES “The Collapse of Kyoto Protocol & The struggle to slow global warming” by David G Victor “ Economics of Climate Change” by Nick Hanley “ An introduction to the Kyoto Protocol Compliance Mechanism” by UNFCC

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Naval Institute of Educational and Training Technology, Kochi, India 28 ANY QUESTIONS? ?