logging in or signing up Devesh Bhatt ppt of Cutaneous drug delivery deveshbhatt Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 413 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: July 23, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: pravinreddy (10 month(s) ago) hello sir, this is praveen b.pharm 4th year. please sir send me the ppt for my seminars. i will be thankfull to u. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: amar2010 (20 month(s) ago) Send me a downloadable link thanks and regards, Amar Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Cutaneous Drug Delivery Systems : Cutaneous Drug Delivery Systems Presented by: MR. DEVESH BHATT DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS NMIMS UNIVERSITY Slide 3: Slide 4: DEFINITION:- Topical delivery can be defined as the application of a drug containing formulation to the skin to directly treat cutaneous disorders (e.g. acne) or the cutaneous manifestations of a general disease (e.g. psoriasis). SONOPHORESIS WHATS THAT??? : SONOPHORESIS WHATS THAT??? IT IS DEFINED AS THE MOVEMENT OF DRUGS THROUGH INTACT SKIN AND UNDERLYING TISSUES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRASONIC PERTURBATION. Ultrasounds!! But how does it acts?? : Ultrasounds!! But how does it acts?? Ultra sound waves~1MHz induces growth and oscillations of air pockets in keratinocytes of the stratum corneum.This is called as cavitation. These pockets disorganize the stratum corneum lipid bilayers, increase in transport of drug molecules. Types of sonophoresis : Types of sonophoresis Depending on the ultrasound frequency it can be divided into Low-Frequency Sonophoresis (<1 MHz) Therapeutic frequency Sonophoresis (1-3MHz) High frequency Sonophoresis (> 3 MHz) APPLICATIONS : APPLICATIONS In surgery it helps in dissection, connection, regeneration and treatment of biological tissues. In therapy it is used to treat infected tissues and in treatment of neuralgia,arthritis. Treatment of traumas. Cure of gastric ulcers, gastritis, and inflammation of the intestine. APPARATUS : APPARATUS METHOD OF APPLICATION : METHOD OF APPLICATION IONTOPHORESIS : IONTOPHORESIS Iontophoresis (IP) is an electrochemical method that enhances the transport of solute molecules by creating a potential gradient through the skin with an applied electric current or voltage. Contd… : Contd… i.e negative ions are delivered by the cathode & positive ion by anode IP device consist of battery microprocessor controller drug reservoir electrodes Principles of iontophoresis : Principles of iontophoresis Contd.. : Contd.. The current can be given in any of the different waveforms, square, sinusoidal, triangular etc. Contd.. : Contd.. If any skin irritation occurs at this stage, the current intensity should be lowered. Various factors affect the intake of drugs by skin like lipophilicity, molecular weight, site, age of patient, drug concentration, the possibility of improving conduction of addition of salts,etc. Biomedical applications : Biomedical applications Transport of protein or peptide drugs Dermatology Copper- iontophoresis for fungal infection and male contraception, iron/titanium oxide for tattoo removal. Slide 21: Ophthalmology Iontophoretic induction of various drugs like atropine, scopolamine, sulfadiazine, fluorescein, gentamycin etc . Slide 22: Antihypertensives, anti-diabetics, anti-rheumatoids, hormones, vasodilators: Metaprolol, propranolol, insulin, methylcholine, bleomycin, steroids have all been introduced iontophoretically. Slide 23: IONTOPHORETIC DELIVERY OF THE DRUG Slide 24: IONTOPHORETIC EQUIPMENT Slide 25: IONTOPHORE Slide 26: APPLICATION OF CURRENT Slide 27: ELECTRODES OF DIFFERENT SIZE & SHAPE Slide 28: ELECTRODE PLACEMENT Slide 29: DRUG INTRODUCING TO THE ELECTRODE Slide 30: ELECTRODES WITH DRUG CONNECTED TO IONTOPHORE MAGNETOPHORESIS : MAGNETOPHORESIS This method involves the application of a magnetic field which acts as an external driving force to enhance the diffusion of a diamagnetic solute across the skin. Skin exposure to a magnetic field might also induce structural alterations that could contribute to an increase in permeability. E.g – magnetically induced enhancement in benzoic acid. SKIN PUNCTURE AND PERFORATION : SKIN PUNCTURE AND PERFORATION These devices are similar to the microneedle devices . They include the use of needle-like structures or blades, which disrupt the skin barrier by creating holes and cuts as a result of a defined movement when in contact with the skin. APPLICATION OF PRESSURE : APPLICATION OF PRESSURE The application of modest pressure has been shown to provide a potentially non-invasive and simple method of enhancing skin permeability of molecules such as Caffeine. An increased partition of the compound into the SC when pressure was applied. This method may also work because of the increased solubility of caffeine in the stratum corneum caused by the increase in pressure. SKIN STRETCHING : SKIN STRETCHING These devices hold the skin under tension in either a unidirectional or a multidirectional manner . The authors claim that a tension of about 0.01–10 mPa results in the reversible formation of micropathways across the skin by using a microprotrusion array. SKIN ABRASION : SKIN ABRASION These techniques, many of which are based on techniques employed by dermatologists in the treatment of acne and skin blemishes (e.g. microdermabrasion), involve the direct removal or disruption of the upper layers of the skin to enhance the permeation of topically applied compounds. Transdermal Patch : Transdermal Patch Transdermal Patch or Skin Patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a time released dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. The delivery rate is controlled by the skin or membrane in the delivery system. The Human Skin : The Human Skin Mechanism of Rate-Controlled Transdermal Drug Delivery : Mechanism of Rate-Controlled Transdermal Drug Delivery The stratum corneum – limited skin permeation. For any drug to reach the systemic circulation from the skin surface, it must posses 1) physicochemical properties that facilitate the sorption of drug by the stratum corneum, 2) the penetration of drug through the viable epidermis, and also 3) the uptake of drug by microcirculation in the dermal papillary layer. The rate of permeation dQ/dt across various layers of skin tissue can be expressed mathematically as Slide 40: Where, Cd = conc. of drug in donor phase. Cr = conc. of drug in the receptor phase. Ps = the overall permeability coefficient of the skin tissues to the drug. Ks/d = the partition coefficient for the interfacial partitioning of the drug molecule from a TDD system onto the stratum corneum . Dss = the apparent diffusivity for the steady-state diffusion of the drug through the skin tissues. hs = overall thickness of the skin tissues for penetration. Types of Transdermal Patches : Types of Transdermal Patches Polymer Membrane Permeation – Controlled Transdermal Patch Polymer Matrix Diffusion – Controlled Transdermal Patch Drug Reservoir Gradient – Controlled Transdermal Patch Micro reservoir Dissolution – Controlled Transdermal Patch 1. Polymer Membrane Permeation – Controlled Transdermal Patch : 1. Polymer Membrane Permeation – Controlled Transdermal Patch Drug reservoir - sandwiched between a drug impermeable backing laminate and a rate-limiting polymeric membrane. The drug molecules are permitted to release only through the rate-controlling polymeric membrane. Slide 43: Examples – Scopolamine releasing TDD system – Transderm-Scop system, Clonidine releasing TDD system – Catapress-TSS system 2. Polymer Matrix Diffusion – Controlled Transdermal Patch : 2. Polymer Matrix Diffusion – Controlled Transdermal Patch Drug reservoir – drug dispersed in hydrophilic or lip[ophilic polymer matrix Drug reservoir is then mounted on a baseplate over which is the drug-impermeable plastic backing with an absorbent pad. Adhesive rim surrounds the reservoir disc. 3. Drug Reservoir Gradient – Controlled Trasdermal Patch : 3. Drug Reservoir Gradient – Controlled Trasdermal Patch Zero order release Drug reservoir – drug loading level is varied in an incremental manner, forming a gradient of drug reservoir along the diffusional path across the multilaminate adhesive layers. Example – Nitroglycerin releasing TDD system the Deponit system 4. Micro reservoir Dissolution – Controlled Transdermal Patch : 4. Micro reservoir Dissolution – Controlled Transdermal Patch A hybrid of the reservoir and matrix dispersion- type drug delivery systems. Slide 47: Example – Nitroglycerin releasing TDD system – Nitrodisc system Progestin-estrogen releasing TDD system – Transdermal contraceptive system Pros and Cons of Transdermal Patches : Pros and Cons of Transdermal Patches Pros :- Avoid the risks and inconveniences of intravenous therapy. Bypass the variation in the absorption and metabolism associated with oral administration Permit continuous drug administration and the use of drugs with a short biological half-life. Increase the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs through the bypass of hepatic first-pass elimination. Slide 49: Cons :- 1 . Patches cannot be made to adhere to all types of skin. 2. Preparations may stain clothes. 3. Drugs with low molecular sizes only can be formulated in to TDDS. 4. Limited drug permeability through skin. ELECTROPORATION : ELECTROPORATION Electroporation: The process involves the application of transient high voltage electrical pulse to cause rapid dissociation of the stratum corneam through which large and small peptides, oligonucleotides and other drugs can pass in significant amounts. Electroporation or elecro-permeabilization involves changes in membrane cells due to application of large transmembrane voltage. PHONOPHORESIS : PHONOPHORESIS Phonophoresis: The movement of drugs through living intact skin and into soft tissues under the ultrasound perturbation is called phonophoresis. The technique involves placing an ultrasound-coupling agent on the skin over the area to be treated and massaging the area with an ultrasound source. VESICULAR CONCEPT : VESICULAR CONCEPT Vesicular concept: Drug enclosed vesicle made from phospholipids and nonionic surfactants are used for transport of drug into and across the skin. The various vesicles used for this purpose are liposomes, niosomes and transferosome. MICRO NEDLES : MICRO NEDLES Microfabricated microneedles technology: This technology employed micron-sized needles made of silicon. These microneedles after insertion into the skin create conduits for transfer of drug through the stratum corneum. The drug after crossing stratum corneum diffuses rapidly through deeper tissues and taken up by capillaries for systemic adminitration. MICRO NEEDLES : MICRO NEEDLES Micro needles - micron sized needles capable of delivering drugs beneath the skin with the absorptive powers of injections and without their painful pricks bypasses our nerves and saves us from the dreaded prick feeling The most common method through which these microneedles have been used is through a patch attached to the needle array. Once the patch is placed over the body, the needes can penetrate the shallow layers of skin and commense the injection of drugs. Conclusion : Conclusion Due to tremendous development in research and development day by day, scientists are mainly focusing on Iontophoresis, Electroporation, Sonophoresis, Phonophoresis, Vesicular concept and Microfabricated microneedles technology which are some advanced techniques for increasing the drug delivery through skin. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Devesh Bhatt ppt of Cutaneous drug delivery deveshbhatt Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 413 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (2) Dislike it (0) Added: July 23, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 2 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: pravinreddy (10 month(s) ago) hello sir, this is praveen b.pharm 4th year. please sir send me the ppt for my seminars. i will be thankfull to u. Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: amar2010 (20 month(s) ago) Send me a downloadable link thanks and regards, Amar Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Cutaneous Drug Delivery Systems : Cutaneous Drug Delivery Systems Presented by: MR. DEVESH BHATT DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS NMIMS UNIVERSITY Slide 3: Slide 4: DEFINITION:- Topical delivery can be defined as the application of a drug containing formulation to the skin to directly treat cutaneous disorders (e.g. acne) or the cutaneous manifestations of a general disease (e.g. psoriasis). SONOPHORESIS WHATS THAT??? : SONOPHORESIS WHATS THAT??? IT IS DEFINED AS THE MOVEMENT OF DRUGS THROUGH INTACT SKIN AND UNDERLYING TISSUES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ULTRASONIC PERTURBATION. Ultrasounds!! But how does it acts?? : Ultrasounds!! But how does it acts?? Ultra sound waves~1MHz induces growth and oscillations of air pockets in keratinocytes of the stratum corneum.This is called as cavitation. These pockets disorganize the stratum corneum lipid bilayers, increase in transport of drug molecules. Types of sonophoresis : Types of sonophoresis Depending on the ultrasound frequency it can be divided into Low-Frequency Sonophoresis (<1 MHz) Therapeutic frequency Sonophoresis (1-3MHz) High frequency Sonophoresis (> 3 MHz) APPLICATIONS : APPLICATIONS In surgery it helps in dissection, connection, regeneration and treatment of biological tissues. In therapy it is used to treat infected tissues and in treatment of neuralgia,arthritis. Treatment of traumas. Cure of gastric ulcers, gastritis, and inflammation of the intestine. APPARATUS : APPARATUS METHOD OF APPLICATION : METHOD OF APPLICATION IONTOPHORESIS : IONTOPHORESIS Iontophoresis (IP) is an electrochemical method that enhances the transport of solute molecules by creating a potential gradient through the skin with an applied electric current or voltage. Contd… : Contd… i.e negative ions are delivered by the cathode & positive ion by anode IP device consist of battery microprocessor controller drug reservoir electrodes Principles of iontophoresis : Principles of iontophoresis Contd.. : Contd.. The current can be given in any of the different waveforms, square, sinusoidal, triangular etc. Contd.. : Contd.. If any skin irritation occurs at this stage, the current intensity should be lowered. Various factors affect the intake of drugs by skin like lipophilicity, molecular weight, site, age of patient, drug concentration, the possibility of improving conduction of addition of salts,etc. Biomedical applications : Biomedical applications Transport of protein or peptide drugs Dermatology Copper- iontophoresis for fungal infection and male contraception, iron/titanium oxide for tattoo removal. Slide 21: Ophthalmology Iontophoretic induction of various drugs like atropine, scopolamine, sulfadiazine, fluorescein, gentamycin etc . Slide 22: Antihypertensives, anti-diabetics, anti-rheumatoids, hormones, vasodilators: Metaprolol, propranolol, insulin, methylcholine, bleomycin, steroids have all been introduced iontophoretically. Slide 23: IONTOPHORETIC DELIVERY OF THE DRUG Slide 24: IONTOPHORETIC EQUIPMENT Slide 25: IONTOPHORE Slide 26: APPLICATION OF CURRENT Slide 27: ELECTRODES OF DIFFERENT SIZE & SHAPE Slide 28: ELECTRODE PLACEMENT Slide 29: DRUG INTRODUCING TO THE ELECTRODE Slide 30: ELECTRODES WITH DRUG CONNECTED TO IONTOPHORE MAGNETOPHORESIS : MAGNETOPHORESIS This method involves the application of a magnetic field which acts as an external driving force to enhance the diffusion of a diamagnetic solute across the skin. Skin exposure to a magnetic field might also induce structural alterations that could contribute to an increase in permeability. E.g – magnetically induced enhancement in benzoic acid. SKIN PUNCTURE AND PERFORATION : SKIN PUNCTURE AND PERFORATION These devices are similar to the microneedle devices . They include the use of needle-like structures or blades, which disrupt the skin barrier by creating holes and cuts as a result of a defined movement when in contact with the skin. APPLICATION OF PRESSURE : APPLICATION OF PRESSURE The application of modest pressure has been shown to provide a potentially non-invasive and simple method of enhancing skin permeability of molecules such as Caffeine. An increased partition of the compound into the SC when pressure was applied. This method may also work because of the increased solubility of caffeine in the stratum corneum caused by the increase in pressure. SKIN STRETCHING : SKIN STRETCHING These devices hold the skin under tension in either a unidirectional or a multidirectional manner . The authors claim that a tension of about 0.01–10 mPa results in the reversible formation of micropathways across the skin by using a microprotrusion array. SKIN ABRASION : SKIN ABRASION These techniques, many of which are based on techniques employed by dermatologists in the treatment of acne and skin blemishes (e.g. microdermabrasion), involve the direct removal or disruption of the upper layers of the skin to enhance the permeation of topically applied compounds. Transdermal Patch : Transdermal Patch Transdermal Patch or Skin Patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a time released dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. The delivery rate is controlled by the skin or membrane in the delivery system. The Human Skin : The Human Skin Mechanism of Rate-Controlled Transdermal Drug Delivery : Mechanism of Rate-Controlled Transdermal Drug Delivery The stratum corneum – limited skin permeation. For any drug to reach the systemic circulation from the skin surface, it must posses 1) physicochemical properties that facilitate the sorption of drug by the stratum corneum, 2) the penetration of drug through the viable epidermis, and also 3) the uptake of drug by microcirculation in the dermal papillary layer. The rate of permeation dQ/dt across various layers of skin tissue can be expressed mathematically as Slide 40: Where, Cd = conc. of drug in donor phase. Cr = conc. of drug in the receptor phase. Ps = the overall permeability coefficient of the skin tissues to the drug. Ks/d = the partition coefficient for the interfacial partitioning of the drug molecule from a TDD system onto the stratum corneum . Dss = the apparent diffusivity for the steady-state diffusion of the drug through the skin tissues. hs = overall thickness of the skin tissues for penetration. Types of Transdermal Patches : Types of Transdermal Patches Polymer Membrane Permeation – Controlled Transdermal Patch Polymer Matrix Diffusion – Controlled Transdermal Patch Drug Reservoir Gradient – Controlled Transdermal Patch Micro reservoir Dissolution – Controlled Transdermal Patch 1. Polymer Membrane Permeation – Controlled Transdermal Patch : 1. Polymer Membrane Permeation – Controlled Transdermal Patch Drug reservoir - sandwiched between a drug impermeable backing laminate and a rate-limiting polymeric membrane. The drug molecules are permitted to release only through the rate-controlling polymeric membrane. Slide 43: Examples – Scopolamine releasing TDD system – Transderm-Scop system, Clonidine releasing TDD system – Catapress-TSS system 2. Polymer Matrix Diffusion – Controlled Transdermal Patch : 2. Polymer Matrix Diffusion – Controlled Transdermal Patch Drug reservoir – drug dispersed in hydrophilic or lip[ophilic polymer matrix Drug reservoir is then mounted on a baseplate over which is the drug-impermeable plastic backing with an absorbent pad. Adhesive rim surrounds the reservoir disc. 3. Drug Reservoir Gradient – Controlled Trasdermal Patch : 3. Drug Reservoir Gradient – Controlled Trasdermal Patch Zero order release Drug reservoir – drug loading level is varied in an incremental manner, forming a gradient of drug reservoir along the diffusional path across the multilaminate adhesive layers. Example – Nitroglycerin releasing TDD system the Deponit system 4. Micro reservoir Dissolution – Controlled Transdermal Patch : 4. Micro reservoir Dissolution – Controlled Transdermal Patch A hybrid of the reservoir and matrix dispersion- type drug delivery systems. Slide 47: Example – Nitroglycerin releasing TDD system – Nitrodisc system Progestin-estrogen releasing TDD system – Transdermal contraceptive system Pros and Cons of Transdermal Patches : Pros and Cons of Transdermal Patches Pros :- Avoid the risks and inconveniences of intravenous therapy. Bypass the variation in the absorption and metabolism associated with oral administration Permit continuous drug administration and the use of drugs with a short biological half-life. Increase the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs through the bypass of hepatic first-pass elimination. Slide 49: Cons :- 1 . Patches cannot be made to adhere to all types of skin. 2. Preparations may stain clothes. 3. Drugs with low molecular sizes only can be formulated in to TDDS. 4. Limited drug permeability through skin. ELECTROPORATION : ELECTROPORATION Electroporation: The process involves the application of transient high voltage electrical pulse to cause rapid dissociation of the stratum corneam through which large and small peptides, oligonucleotides and other drugs can pass in significant amounts. Electroporation or elecro-permeabilization involves changes in membrane cells due to application of large transmembrane voltage. PHONOPHORESIS : PHONOPHORESIS Phonophoresis: The movement of drugs through living intact skin and into soft tissues under the ultrasound perturbation is called phonophoresis. The technique involves placing an ultrasound-coupling agent on the skin over the area to be treated and massaging the area with an ultrasound source. VESICULAR CONCEPT : VESICULAR CONCEPT Vesicular concept: Drug enclosed vesicle made from phospholipids and nonionic surfactants are used for transport of drug into and across the skin. The various vesicles used for this purpose are liposomes, niosomes and transferosome. MICRO NEDLES : MICRO NEDLES Microfabricated microneedles technology: This technology employed micron-sized needles made of silicon. These microneedles after insertion into the skin create conduits for transfer of drug through the stratum corneum. The drug after crossing stratum corneum diffuses rapidly through deeper tissues and taken up by capillaries for systemic adminitration. MICRO NEEDLES : MICRO NEEDLES Micro needles - micron sized needles capable of delivering drugs beneath the skin with the absorptive powers of injections and without their painful pricks bypasses our nerves and saves us from the dreaded prick feeling The most common method through which these microneedles have been used is through a patch attached to the needle array. Once the patch is placed over the body, the needes can penetrate the shallow layers of skin and commense the injection of drugs. Conclusion : Conclusion Due to tremendous development in research and development day by day, scientists are mainly focusing on Iontophoresis, Electroporation, Sonophoresis, Phonophoresis, Vesicular concept and Microfabricated microneedles technology which are some advanced techniques for increasing the drug delivery through skin.