logging in or signing up EVOLUTION1 devanraju80 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 43 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: August 27, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: devanraju80 (21 month(s) ago) its ok my dear friend plz send me u r email-d so that i can send to u directly to u mail Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: djdhamo (21 month(s) ago) Dear Sir, this is very very good presentstion on IT histary , Can u give me a permission to download?, I am a student of IT, Plz sir help me Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS : EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS By Devan Raju Pericherla ABACUS : ABACUS The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arithmetic processes. Today, abacuses are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal. Slide 3: The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere. Slide 4: CHINESE ABACUS 1600’S : 1600’S John Napier (1550 – 4 April 1617) was a Scottish mathematician, physicist, astronomer & astrologer. John Napier is most renowned as the discoverer of the logarithm, although the actual founder of logarithms was Michael Stifel who invented an early form of logarithm tables independently of and decades before John Napier. Slide 6: John Napier Napier also made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. In 1620’S : In 1620’S William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering. Slide 8: The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the electronic scientific calculator made it largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business. In1640’S : In1640’S Blaise pascal invented one of the first mechanical calculators: the pascaline. In 1642, at the age of eighteen Blaise Pascal invented his numerical wheel calculator called the Pascaline to help his father a French tax collector count taxes. The Pascaline had eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. Slide 10: Blaise Pascal Pascaline In 1822 : In 1822 Charles Babbage, (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer. In1822 he designed a difference engine, to compute values of polynomial functions. The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Slide 12: Charles Babbage Difference engines I and II In 1833 : In 1833 Soon after the attempt at making the difference engine crumbled, Babbage started designing a different, more complex machine called the Analytical Engine. The main difference between the two engines is that the Analytical Engine could be programmed using punched cards. Slide 14: He realized that programs could be put on these cards so the person had only to create the program initially, and then put the cards in the machine and let it run. Slide 15: Analytical Engine In 1899 : In 1899 Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was a German-American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. Herman Hollerith invented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 US census data. Slide 17: He was the founder of the company the became IBM. A punched card is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions Slide 18: Herman Hollerith Punched Card Early 1900’s : Early 1900’s American Dorr Eugene Felt (1862-1930) created a prototype known as the Comptometer. This was the first mechanical calculator in which numbers were entered by pressing keys as opposed to being “dialed in” using wheels or similar techniques. The primary function performed by the Comptometer was addition. Slide 20: This was of particular interest for accountants, and these machines quickly became extremely popular. Due to its keyed-in form of data entry, the Comptometer could be used to add large lists of numbers very quickly. Comptometer In 1944 : In 1944 The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called the Mark I by Harvard University was an electro-mechanical computer. The electromechanical ASCC was devised by Howard H. Aiken, built at IBM and shipped to Harvard in February 1944. Slide 22: It began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships in May and was officially presented to the university on August 7, 1944. It was very reliable, much more so than early electronic computers. It has been described as "the beginning of the era of the modern computer" and "the real dawn of the computer age". Slide 23: The building elements of the ASCC were switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches. It was built using 7,65,000 components and hundreds of miles of wire, composing a volume of 51 feet (16 m) in length, eight feet (2.4 m) in height, and two feet (61 cm) deep. Slide 24: It had a weight of about 10,000 pounds (4500 kg). The basic calculating units had to be synchronized mechanically, so they were run by a 50-foot (15.5 m) shaft driven by a five-horsepower (4 kW) electric motor. Slide 25: Mark I Computer 1946 - E N I A C : 1946 - E N I A C ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. It is a the first general-purpose, electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, but its first use was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb. Slide 27: The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 1800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor space, weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power. ENIAC Slide 28: ENIAC ENIAC 1949 – E D S A C : 1949 – E D S A C Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. EDSAC was the world's first practical stored program electronic computer . It uses mercury delay lines for memory, and derated vacuum tubes for logic. Input was via 5-hole punched tape and output was via a tele printer. Slide 30: E D S A C SEAC ("Standards Eastern Automatic Computer") - 1950) : SEAC ("Standards Eastern Automatic Computer") - 1950) It is initially called the National Bureau of Standards Interim Computer, because it was a small-scale computer designed to be built quickly and put into operation. Based on EDVAC, SEAC used only 747 vacuum tubes (a small number for the time) eventually expanded to 1500 tubes. It had 10,500 germanium diodes which performed all of the logic functions. Slide 32: S E A C It the first computer to do all of its logic with solid-state devices. U N I V A C - 1950 : U N I V A C - 1950 The UNIVAC was the world's first commercially available computer. The UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabetic characters equally well. Mercury delay lines were used to store the computer's program. The program circulated within the lines in the form of pulses that could be read from the line and written into it. The UNIVAC could perform 90,000 transactions per month. Slide 34: The machine was 25 feet by 50 feet in length, contained 5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes, and 300 relays. It utilized serial circuitry, 2.25 MHz bit rate, and had an internal storage capacity 1,000 words or 12,000 characters. The UNIVAC I was also the first computer to come equipped with a magnetic tape unit and was the first computer to use buffer memory. Slide 35: U N I V A C IBM 702 - 1943 : IBM 702 - 1943 The IBM 702 was IBM's response to the UNIVAC —the first mainframe computer using magnetic tapes. Because these machines had less computational power than the IBM 701 and ERA 1103, which were favored for scientific computing, the 702 was aimed at business computing. Slide 37: IBM 702 The system used electrostatic storage, consisting of 14, 28, 42, 56, or 70 Williams tubes with a capacity of 1000 bits each for the main memory, giving a memory of 2,000 to 10,000 characters of 7 bits each (in increments of 2,000 characters), and 14 Williams tubes with a capacity of 512 bits each for the two 512 character accumulators. PDP-8 in 1960’s : PDP-8 in 1960’s The 12-bit PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the 1960s. The earliest PDP-8 model (informally known as a "Straight-8") used diode-transistor logic, packaged on flip chip cards, and was about the size of a mini bar-fridge Slide 39: PDP-8 Intel 8080 Micro Processor – 1970’s : Intel 8080 Micro Processor – 1970’s The Intel 8080 was an early microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel. The 8-bit microprocessor was released in April 1974 running at 2 MHz (at up to 500,000 instructions per second), and is sometimes considered to be the first truly usable microprocessor. Slide 41: It was manufactured in a silicon gate process using a minimum feature size of 6 µm. A single layer of metal was used to interconnect the approximately 6,000 transistors in the design, but the higher resistance poly-silicon layer required to implement transistor gates was also used for some interconnects 1976 – Apple I Computer : 1976 – Apple I Computer The Apple I, also known as the Apple-1, was an early personal computer. They were designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak. Apple I was a fully assembled circuit board containing about 60+ chips. However, to make a working computer, users still had to add a case, power supply transformers, power switch, ASCII keyboard, and composite video display. Slide 43: Apple I Computer Circuit Board of Apple I Apple II computer -1980’s : Apple II computer -1980’s The Apple II, or Apple ][, became one of the most popular computers ever. The Apple II was one of the first computer with a color display, and it has the BASIC programming language built-in, so it is ready-to-run right out of the box. The Apple II was probably the first user-friendly system. Slide 45: Apple II Computer Circuit board of a Apple II The most important feature of the Apple II was probably its eight expansion slots. No other computer had this kind of flexibility or expansion possibilities. You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
EVOLUTION1 devanraju80 Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 43 Category: Science & Tech.. License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: August 27, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 1 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... By: devanraju80 (21 month(s) ago) its ok my dear friend plz send me u r email-d so that i can send to u directly to u mail Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: djdhamo (21 month(s) ago) Dear Sir, this is very very good presentstion on IT histary , Can u give me a permission to download?, I am a student of IT, Plz sir help me Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS : EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS By Devan Raju Pericherla ABACUS : ABACUS The abacus, also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arithmetic processes. Today, abacuses are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal. Slide 3: The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere. Slide 4: CHINESE ABACUS 1600’S : 1600’S John Napier (1550 – 4 April 1617) was a Scottish mathematician, physicist, astronomer & astrologer. John Napier is most renowned as the discoverer of the logarithm, although the actual founder of logarithms was Michael Stifel who invented an early form of logarithm tables independently of and decades before John Napier. Slide 6: John Napier Napier also made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics. In 1620’S : In 1620’S William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. Before the advent of the pocket calculator, it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering. Slide 8: The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were being gradually introduced; but around 1974 the electronic scientific calculator made it largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business. In1640’S : In1640’S Blaise pascal invented one of the first mechanical calculators: the pascaline. In 1642, at the age of eighteen Blaise Pascal invented his numerical wheel calculator called the Pascaline to help his father a French tax collector count taxes. The Pascaline had eight movable dials that added up to eight figured long sums and used base ten. Slide 10: Blaise Pascal Pascaline In 1822 : In 1822 Charles Babbage, (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, philosopher, inventor, and mechanical engineer who originated the concept of a programmable computer. In1822 he designed a difference engine, to compute values of polynomial functions. The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Slide 12: Charles Babbage Difference engines I and II In 1833 : In 1833 Soon after the attempt at making the difference engine crumbled, Babbage started designing a different, more complex machine called the Analytical Engine. The main difference between the two engines is that the Analytical Engine could be programmed using punched cards. Slide 14: He realized that programs could be put on these cards so the person had only to create the program initially, and then put the cards in the machine and let it run. Slide 15: Analytical Engine In 1899 : In 1899 Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was a German-American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data. Herman Hollerith invented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 US census data. Slide 17: He was the founder of the company the became IBM. A punched card is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions Slide 18: Herman Hollerith Punched Card Early 1900’s : Early 1900’s American Dorr Eugene Felt (1862-1930) created a prototype known as the Comptometer. This was the first mechanical calculator in which numbers were entered by pressing keys as opposed to being “dialed in” using wheels or similar techniques. The primary function performed by the Comptometer was addition. Slide 20: This was of particular interest for accountants, and these machines quickly became extremely popular. Due to its keyed-in form of data entry, the Comptometer could be used to add large lists of numbers very quickly. Comptometer In 1944 : In 1944 The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called the Mark I by Harvard University was an electro-mechanical computer. The electromechanical ASCC was devised by Howard H. Aiken, built at IBM and shipped to Harvard in February 1944. Slide 22: It began computations for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships in May and was officially presented to the university on August 7, 1944. It was very reliable, much more so than early electronic computers. It has been described as "the beginning of the era of the modern computer" and "the real dawn of the computer age". Slide 23: The building elements of the ASCC were switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches. It was built using 7,65,000 components and hundreds of miles of wire, composing a volume of 51 feet (16 m) in length, eight feet (2.4 m) in height, and two feet (61 cm) deep. Slide 24: It had a weight of about 10,000 pounds (4500 kg). The basic calculating units had to be synchronized mechanically, so they were run by a 50-foot (15.5 m) shaft driven by a five-horsepower (4 kW) electric motor. Slide 25: Mark I Computer 1946 - E N I A C : 1946 - E N I A C ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. It is a the first general-purpose, electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, but its first use was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb. Slide 27: The ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints. It covered 1800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor space, weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power. ENIAC Slide 28: ENIAC ENIAC 1949 – E D S A C : 1949 – E D S A C Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. EDSAC was the world's first practical stored program electronic computer . It uses mercury delay lines for memory, and derated vacuum tubes for logic. Input was via 5-hole punched tape and output was via a tele printer. Slide 30: E D S A C SEAC ("Standards Eastern Automatic Computer") - 1950) : SEAC ("Standards Eastern Automatic Computer") - 1950) It is initially called the National Bureau of Standards Interim Computer, because it was a small-scale computer designed to be built quickly and put into operation. Based on EDVAC, SEAC used only 747 vacuum tubes (a small number for the time) eventually expanded to 1500 tubes. It had 10,500 germanium diodes which performed all of the logic functions. Slide 32: S E A C It the first computer to do all of its logic with solid-state devices. U N I V A C - 1950 : U N I V A C - 1950 The UNIVAC was the world's first commercially available computer. The UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabetic characters equally well. Mercury delay lines were used to store the computer's program. The program circulated within the lines in the form of pulses that could be read from the line and written into it. The UNIVAC could perform 90,000 transactions per month. Slide 34: The machine was 25 feet by 50 feet in length, contained 5,600 tubes, 18,000 crystal diodes, and 300 relays. It utilized serial circuitry, 2.25 MHz bit rate, and had an internal storage capacity 1,000 words or 12,000 characters. The UNIVAC I was also the first computer to come equipped with a magnetic tape unit and was the first computer to use buffer memory. Slide 35: U N I V A C IBM 702 - 1943 : IBM 702 - 1943 The IBM 702 was IBM's response to the UNIVAC —the first mainframe computer using magnetic tapes. Because these machines had less computational power than the IBM 701 and ERA 1103, which were favored for scientific computing, the 702 was aimed at business computing. Slide 37: IBM 702 The system used electrostatic storage, consisting of 14, 28, 42, 56, or 70 Williams tubes with a capacity of 1000 bits each for the main memory, giving a memory of 2,000 to 10,000 characters of 7 bits each (in increments of 2,000 characters), and 14 Williams tubes with a capacity of 512 bits each for the two 512 character accumulators. PDP-8 in 1960’s : PDP-8 in 1960’s The 12-bit PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the 1960s. The earliest PDP-8 model (informally known as a "Straight-8") used diode-transistor logic, packaged on flip chip cards, and was about the size of a mini bar-fridge Slide 39: PDP-8 Intel 8080 Micro Processor – 1970’s : Intel 8080 Micro Processor – 1970’s The Intel 8080 was an early microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel. The 8-bit microprocessor was released in April 1974 running at 2 MHz (at up to 500,000 instructions per second), and is sometimes considered to be the first truly usable microprocessor. Slide 41: It was manufactured in a silicon gate process using a minimum feature size of 6 µm. A single layer of metal was used to interconnect the approximately 6,000 transistors in the design, but the higher resistance poly-silicon layer required to implement transistor gates was also used for some interconnects 1976 – Apple I Computer : 1976 – Apple I Computer The Apple I, also known as the Apple-1, was an early personal computer. They were designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak. Apple I was a fully assembled circuit board containing about 60+ chips. However, to make a working computer, users still had to add a case, power supply transformers, power switch, ASCII keyboard, and composite video display. Slide 43: Apple I Computer Circuit Board of Apple I Apple II computer -1980’s : Apple II computer -1980’s The Apple II, or Apple ][, became one of the most popular computers ever. The Apple II was one of the first computer with a color display, and it has the BASIC programming language built-in, so it is ready-to-run right out of the box. The Apple II was probably the first user-friendly system. Slide 45: Apple II Computer Circuit board of a Apple II The most important feature of the Apple II was probably its eight expansion slots. No other computer had this kind of flexibility or expansion possibilities.