logging in or signing up Psychology Unit 4 - Biology And Brain derekspalla Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1120 Category: Education License: Some Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (1) Added: February 06, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description Biology and the Brain Comments Posting comment... By: derekspalla (20 month(s) ago) Hi Dawn, The presentation has been changed so you can download it. Kind Regards, Derek Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Unit 4 - Biology and the Brain : Unit 4 - Biology and the Brain AP? Psychology: From A Christian Worldview February 2-6 Biology and Behavior : Biology and Behavior Everything psychological is simultaneously biological. The brain’s ultimate challenge? To understand itself. Some questions to consider: How does our brain organize and communicate with itself? How does our heredity prewire the brain, and experience modify it? How does our brain process information? Neural and Hormonal Systems : Neural and Hormonal Systems E.Q. “Why do psychologists study biology?” How biology underlies our: Behavior and Mental processes Neural Communication: At all levels psychologists examine how we process information. How we take it in. How we organize, interpret and store it. How we use it. Slide 4: The body’s two communications systems: The nervous system The hormone system Neurons E.Q. “What are neurons, and how do they transmit information? Neurons: A motor neuron : Neurons: A motor neuron Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. ?ScienceNOW Video: Mirror Neurons Neural Information System: Building blocks are neurons, or nerve cells. Each consists of a cell body and its branching fibers. The bushy dendrite fibers receive information and conduct it toward the cell body. The cell’s axon passes the message along to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Axons speak. Dendrites listen. Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. Dendrites are short Axons are sometimes very long – projecting several feet through the body. Neurons transmit messages when stimulated by signals from sensory receptors This is triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons. When a neuron fires an impulse (action potential), a brief electrical charge travels down its axon. A neural impulse can travel at speeds of 2 to 200+ miles per hour. Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. Each neuron is a miniature decision-making device. Each performs complex calculations. Each receives hundreds or even thousands of signals from other neurons. Most of these signals are excitatory. Other signals are inhibitory. If excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (or threshold), the combined signals trigger an action potential. (E – I) > T = AP Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. The neuron’s response is an all-or-none response. Some questions to consider: How do we detect the intensity of a stimulus? How do we distinguish a gentle touch from a big hug? A strong stimulus – a slap rather than a tap? Answer: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often. This does not affect action potential How Neurons Communicate : How Neurons Communicate E.Q. “How do nerve cells communicate?” Neurons function as independent agents Neurons are separated from each other by a synaptic gap (or cleft). When action potential reaches the terminals at an axon’s end, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters How neurons communicate cont. : How neurons communicate cont. How Neurons Communicate cont. : How Neurons Communicate cont. In 1/10,000th of a second, the neurotransmitter molecules cross the synaptic gap. The molecules bind to receptor sites in the receiving neuron – like a lock and key. Reuptake = the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us : How Neurotransmitters Influence Us E.Q. “How do neurotransmitters influence human behavior?” Neurotransmitters travel along their own designated neural pathways in the brain. Particular neurotransmitters may have specific effects on behavior and emotions. Some Neurotransmitters : Some Neurotransmitters How Drugs and Other Chemicals Alter Neurotransmission : How Drugs and Other Chemicals Alter Neurotransmission When flooded with opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine, the body may stop producing its own natural opiates. Endorphins are natural opiates produced by the body. Released during pain and vigorous exercise. The blood-brain barrier fences out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood. Agonists and Antagonists : Agonists and Antagonists The Nervous System : The Nervous System E.Q. “What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions?” The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system (PNS) links the CNS with the body’s sensory receptors, muscles, and glands. Sensory neurons carry messages inward. The CNS sends instructions out via motor neurons. In between sensory input and motor output, information processing done by interneurons. Nervous System Divisions : Nervous System Divisions Nervous System Peripheral Central (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Somatic (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Peripheral Nervous System : The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic nervous system enables voluntary control of our skeletal system. Autonomic nervous system controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs. Glandular activity Heartbeat Digestion The Autonomic nervous system is a dual system. Sympathetic nervous system arouses and expends energy. Parasympathetic nervous system calms and conserves energy. These two systems work together to keep us in balance. Autonomic Nervous System : Autonomic Nervous System The Central Nervous System : The Central Nervous System Enables our humanity – our thinking, feeling, and acting. 40 billion neurons Each with an average of 10,000 contacts 400 trillion synapses The quote: “A grain of sand sized speck of brain contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion “talking” synapses.” Neurons cluster into work groups called neural networks. Neurons network for short, fast connections. The Central Nervous System cont. : The Central Nervous System cont. Still a great scientific mystery – How does the “neural machinery” of our bodies organize itself into complex circuits capable of learning, feeling, and thinking. The spinal cord is the information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Ascending neural fibers send up sensory information. Descending fibers send back motor-control information. Neural pathways govern our reflexes. A Simple Reflex : A Simple Reflex The Endocrine System : The Endocrine System E.Q. “How does the endocrine system – the body’s slower information system – transmit its messages?” Interconnected with the nervous system as a second communication system. Glands secrete chemical messengers, hormones, that travel through the bloodstream. Affects other tissues including the brain. Messages can take several seconds or more to travel the endocrine gland to the target tissue. Effects usually outlast the effects of a neural message. The Endocrine System cont. : The Endocrine System cont. Influences growth, reproduction, metabolism and mood. The most influential gland = pituitary gland The pituitary gland influences growth and the release of hormones by other endocrine glands. Brain Pituitary Other Glands Hormones Brain You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Psychology Unit 4 - Biology And Brain derekspalla Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1120 Category: Education License: Some Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (1) Added: February 06, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description Biology and the Brain Comments Posting comment... By: derekspalla (20 month(s) ago) Hi Dawn, The presentation has been changed so you can download it. Kind Regards, Derek Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close Premium member Presentation Transcript Unit 4 - Biology and the Brain : Unit 4 - Biology and the Brain AP? Psychology: From A Christian Worldview February 2-6 Biology and Behavior : Biology and Behavior Everything psychological is simultaneously biological. The brain’s ultimate challenge? To understand itself. Some questions to consider: How does our brain organize and communicate with itself? How does our heredity prewire the brain, and experience modify it? How does our brain process information? Neural and Hormonal Systems : Neural and Hormonal Systems E.Q. “Why do psychologists study biology?” How biology underlies our: Behavior and Mental processes Neural Communication: At all levels psychologists examine how we process information. How we take it in. How we organize, interpret and store it. How we use it. Slide 4: The body’s two communications systems: The nervous system The hormone system Neurons E.Q. “What are neurons, and how do they transmit information? Neurons: A motor neuron : Neurons: A motor neuron Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. ?ScienceNOW Video: Mirror Neurons Neural Information System: Building blocks are neurons, or nerve cells. Each consists of a cell body and its branching fibers. The bushy dendrite fibers receive information and conduct it toward the cell body. The cell’s axon passes the message along to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Axons speak. Dendrites listen. Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. Dendrites are short Axons are sometimes very long – projecting several feet through the body. Neurons transmit messages when stimulated by signals from sensory receptors This is triggered by chemical signals from neighboring neurons. When a neuron fires an impulse (action potential), a brief electrical charge travels down its axon. A neural impulse can travel at speeds of 2 to 200+ miles per hour. Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. Each neuron is a miniature decision-making device. Each performs complex calculations. Each receives hundreds or even thousands of signals from other neurons. Most of these signals are excitatory. Other signals are inhibitory. If excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (or threshold), the combined signals trigger an action potential. (E – I) > T = AP Neurons cont. : Neurons cont. The neuron’s response is an all-or-none response. Some questions to consider: How do we detect the intensity of a stimulus? How do we distinguish a gentle touch from a big hug? A strong stimulus – a slap rather than a tap? Answer: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often. This does not affect action potential How Neurons Communicate : How Neurons Communicate E.Q. “How do nerve cells communicate?” Neurons function as independent agents Neurons are separated from each other by a synaptic gap (or cleft). When action potential reaches the terminals at an axon’s end, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters How neurons communicate cont. : How neurons communicate cont. How Neurons Communicate cont. : How Neurons Communicate cont. In 1/10,000th of a second, the neurotransmitter molecules cross the synaptic gap. The molecules bind to receptor sites in the receiving neuron – like a lock and key. Reuptake = the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us : How Neurotransmitters Influence Us E.Q. “How do neurotransmitters influence human behavior?” Neurotransmitters travel along their own designated neural pathways in the brain. Particular neurotransmitters may have specific effects on behavior and emotions. Some Neurotransmitters : Some Neurotransmitters How Drugs and Other Chemicals Alter Neurotransmission : How Drugs and Other Chemicals Alter Neurotransmission When flooded with opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine, the body may stop producing its own natural opiates. Endorphins are natural opiates produced by the body. Released during pain and vigorous exercise. The blood-brain barrier fences out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood. Agonists and Antagonists : Agonists and Antagonists The Nervous System : The Nervous System E.Q. “What are the major divisions of the nervous system, and what are their basic functions?” The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system (PNS) links the CNS with the body’s sensory receptors, muscles, and glands. Sensory neurons carry messages inward. The CNS sends instructions out via motor neurons. In between sensory input and motor output, information processing done by interneurons. Nervous System Divisions : Nervous System Divisions Nervous System Peripheral Central (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Somatic (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Peripheral Nervous System : The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic nervous system enables voluntary control of our skeletal system. Autonomic nervous system controls our glands and the muscles of our internal organs. Glandular activity Heartbeat Digestion The Autonomic nervous system is a dual system. Sympathetic nervous system arouses and expends energy. Parasympathetic nervous system calms and conserves energy. These two systems work together to keep us in balance. Autonomic Nervous System : Autonomic Nervous System The Central Nervous System : The Central Nervous System Enables our humanity – our thinking, feeling, and acting. 40 billion neurons Each with an average of 10,000 contacts 400 trillion synapses The quote: “A grain of sand sized speck of brain contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion “talking” synapses.” Neurons cluster into work groups called neural networks. Neurons network for short, fast connections. The Central Nervous System cont. : The Central Nervous System cont. Still a great scientific mystery – How does the “neural machinery” of our bodies organize itself into complex circuits capable of learning, feeling, and thinking. The spinal cord is the information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Ascending neural fibers send up sensory information. Descending fibers send back motor-control information. Neural pathways govern our reflexes. A Simple Reflex : A Simple Reflex The Endocrine System : The Endocrine System E.Q. “How does the endocrine system – the body’s slower information system – transmit its messages?” Interconnected with the nervous system as a second communication system. Glands secrete chemical messengers, hormones, that travel through the bloodstream. Affects other tissues including the brain. Messages can take several seconds or more to travel the endocrine gland to the target tissue. Effects usually outlast the effects of a neural message. The Endocrine System cont. : The Endocrine System cont. Influences growth, reproduction, metabolism and mood. The most influential gland = pituitary gland The pituitary gland influences growth and the release of hormones by other endocrine glands. Brain Pituitary Other Glands Hormones Brain