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Lecture 32 Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical: 

Lecture 32 Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical Evolution of Power Hand power Animal power Oxen Camel Donkey Horse Mule Steam Gasoline engine

Slide2: 

Two primitive Egyptian hoes form the Middle Kingdom Development of the Plow Development of Hand Plows and Weeders Soil preparation by hoeing; from a Tomb at Ti at Saqqara, ca. 2400 BCE

Slide3: 

January - Wielding primitive hoes, a couple cultivates its fields in the rain Another farmer sits before a fire and keeps a sharp eye out for crop robbers

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Foot Plows of the Incas A foot plow of taclla December - To plant potatoes, one woman inserts the tubers into a hole in the earth made by the man, while another stands by to smooth the soil with a cultivating tool

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August - In a symbolic ceremony, the Inca emperor and noblemen turn over the first earth in a sacred field, while three women bow and the empress offers corn beer

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Plowing and hoeing; from a tomb at Beni Hasan, ca. 1900 BCE Note that the plow is essentially a large hoe dragged through the soil Egyptian Plows

Slide7: 

Two handled Egyptian plow The symbol above the plow is the ancient pictorial word symbol for the plow

Slide8: 

Plow from Assyrian bas-relief , 670 BCE. Note the funnel which allowed seed to be added the furrow during plowing Mesopotamian Plows Babylonian scratch plow with seed drill

Slide9: 

Cretan plow Greek Plows Scratch plow, a sharp pointed hard-wood pulled by oxen A = draught pole, B = draught beam, C = stock, D = stilt, E = handle

Slide10: 

Medieval Plows Light plow with mould-board from an English fourteenth century bible Note the donkey in the plow team of oxen

Slide11: 

Woodcut of an early English heavy plow with mould-board from the 14th century

Slide12: 

De Limbourg Brothers: The Month of March (detail) from Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry Plough with iron ploughshar and coulter, in a XVI Century Flemish miniature

Slide13: 

Farming in France, 1735. Plowing, broadcast sowing by hand, and harrowing in the seed

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Symmetrical wooden plough with an iron ploughshare in use in 1787 18th and 19th Century Plows Iljà Repin: The Ploughman Tolstoy in the Fields Note how closely the 19th century Russian plows resemble the plows of antiquity

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Horse-drawn plow 1933 20th Century Plows Tractor drawn three-bottom Oliver plow 1918

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Irrigation Technology Egyptian

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Hand watering of cabbage seedlings in Sumatra 1973

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Assyrian Dam of rough masonry and mortared rubble, curved to withstand the flow of the river Khosr about Nineveh Assyrian

Slide19: 

Raising water from the river with shaduf by Assyrians Three men operate a double lift The shadufs, on mud uprights, stand at two levels on the river bank, and in front of each a brick platform is built out into the river for the men who fill and empty the buckets From the palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh, Mesopotamia 7th century BCE

Slide20: 

An Egyptian terracotta figurine from about 30 BCE showing a man driving an Archimedes screw as a treadmill Archimedes Screw

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A fresco recovered from a villa in Pompeii showing a man driving an Archimedes screw as a treadmill National Museum in Naples, Italy

Slide22: 

An Egyptian farmer turning an Archimedes screw by hand to irrigate a field

Slide23: 

Archimedes screws pump wastewater in a treatment plant in Memphis, Tennessee, USA Each of these screws is 96 inches (2.44 m) in diameter and can lift 19,900 gallons per minute

Slide24: 

A Persian water wheel powered by a man’s legs Sakeih (Wheel of Pots)

Slide25: 

Hydro Ram The hydraulic ram is an interesting pump that uses water power to move water to a greater height

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Caesaria, Israel Acco Roman Aqueducts

Slide27: 

Furrow irrigation from an Inca garden Furrow irrigation from a Renaissance garden Furrow Irrigation

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Furrow Irrigation, Persian miniature

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Furrow irrigation using a pump, 1571

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Contour furrows (potato) can be used if slopes are carefully controlled Pinto beans furrow- irrigated with water from a feeder canal lined with concrete Note siphons

Slide31: 

Watering with pump and sprinkler, 1571 Sprinkler Irrigation

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Sprinkler irrigation is practical as a result of portable, lightweight, aluminum pipe The sprinkler pattern must be overlapped by about 40 percent in order to achieve uniform application of water

Slide33: 

Pivot irrigation of cotton in Mississippi

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Concept of drip irrigation from Louis XI garden of 1470 Trickle Irrigation

Slide35: 

The Chapin System of trickle irrigation for greenhouse watering uses weighted valves (left) to deliver water to individual pots (right)

Slide36: 

Trickle irrigation systems used in the field.

Slide37: 

Trickle irrigation in Israel, 1975 The wet zone around the roots of a tree or a plant irrigated by the drip method

Slide38: 

Emitters have been designed to equalize water distribution under different water pressures

Slide39: 

Paleolithic representation of honey gathering. Women gathering grain 5000-6000 BCE. Tassili n’ Ajjer, Algeria. Modern reconstruction of a Neolithic sickle. Harvesting Technology Gathering

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Harvesting in Ancient Egypt

Slide41: 

Tending Vines, from a XIII Century miniature. Hand Harvest

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Harvesting wheat with a cradle The woman binds the sheaves, twisting the stalks of wheat like twine Cutting grain with scythes

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Development of the Reaper The 1851 reaper Cyrus McCormick’s first reaper, 1831 The twine binder (1881) reaped and tied sheaves of grain in one operation

Slide44: 

Wheat harvest in El Centro, California

Slide45: 

Hand picking cotton. A family of 11 harvests a bale of cotton (500 lb) in a day. With a modern four-row, mechanical cotton picker, one person can now harvest 80 bales a day

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The mechanical cotton picker is the most sophisticated present day farm machine

Slide47: 

Mechanical Harvesting of Tomatoes

Slide48: 

Over the Row Harvesters

Slide49: 

Robotics transplanter

Slide50: 

Saddle quern and rubbing stone Basalt and limestone - 7000 BCE Milling Mortar and pestle Basalt - 1500 BCE Circular millstones Basalt - 1500 BCE

Slide51: 

Using a grindstone in a Bedouin village in the Syrian Jezireh.

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Presses Egyptian Wine Presses

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Ancient olive press, Israel Ancient Presses

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Medieval olive press, Portugal Guercino, Allegory of winemaking, ca 1626

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Cider press, 1900s Rack and cloth press, late 20th century.

Slide57: 

Continuous cider press, 1990s

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Packing Figs, 1900 BCE Packing apples in a barrel, ca 1900 Packing Fruit

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Grading and packing oranges, California Automatic box filler

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1900s Spraying Orchards

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Orchard speed sprayers use a blast of air as the carrier for highly concentrated sprays

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Glass cloche 1718 Growing peach on wall, John Innes, Hertford England 1962 Controlled Environment Horticulture

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Orangery, 17th century Dutch “stove” for protecting oranges Moving pot plants from orangery, 1730

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Cold frame for protecting plants. Gohelin tapestry 18th century. Humphrey Reptan’s forcing garden for Woburn Abbey. 18th century. Cold frames and Greenhouses

Slide65: 

The Wardian case made transport of live plants by ship safer and easier Climatron, Shaw Botanical garden, St. Louis, Missouri Greenhouses

Slide66: 

Inside plastic greenhouse 1980s Muskmelons grown under plastic tunnels, Lower Galilee, Israel Plastic Greenhouses and Tunnels

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Abu Dhabians and their camels stroll by controlled environment greenhouses, which use seawater for heating, cooling, and irrigation Growing lettuce in a phytotron researching the growth of plants in space

Slide68: 

Tree spade, 1960s Moving Plants

Slide69: 

Colonial lawn mower First lawn mower, 1830 Turf Cutting

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1920s Conventional home gasoline lawn mower Greens mower

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Rolling Turf 1757 Rolling Turf

Slide73: 

Cutting Sod

Slide74: 

Newly developed liquid mulch sod planter (LMSP), 2000