Present status of CFT in India Dec 09

Present Status of Centric Fusion Translocations reducing fertility in Indian crossbred cattle : Strong measures needed to prevent further losses to dairy sector : 

Present Status of Centric Fusion Translocations reducing fertility in Indian crossbred cattle : Strong measures needed to prevent further losses to dairy sector Uday. D. Umrikar, Ph.D., P.D.F.(Switzerland) Professor and Head, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Bombay Veterinary College , Mumbai - 400 012

Reduction in fertility in cattle due to major chromosomal defect rob(1;29) : 

Reduction in fertility in cattle due to major chromosomal defect rob(1;29) Gutavsson,1969,1979 Reduction in fertility - carriers females rob(1;29) CFT – Swedish cattle. 1;29 translocation is inherited in half of the offspring of a heterozygous carrier parent Loss of two million Swedish Kroners per year. Carrier female returns to estrus but with delay. Increased number of insemination per conception and lower conception rate CI increases Reduced number of calves i.e Lifetime MY -resulting -economic losses. In young carrier bulls the sperm production and fertility found to be lower while in older bulls no difference ascertained

1;29 Centric Fusion Translocations(Robertsonian Translocations) : 

1;29 Centric Fusion Translocations(Robertsonian Translocations) Most widely distributed in farm animals viz. cattle,sheep, goat & pigs More common in cattle Higher frequency in meat breeds than in milk breeds (Popescu and Pech,1991) Rob(1/29) is very widely distributed across the world in both bos taurus and bos indicus species in more than 40 breeds In India two reports of rob(1;29) CFT recorded in Jersey cross and two reports of rob(7;16)recorded in HF cross.

Robertsonian Translocation rob(1;29)/1;29 CFT (Centric Fusion Translocation) : 

- Two acrocentric chromosomes (more importantly 1 and 29 ) fuse at or around centromere Robertsonian Translocation rob(1;29)/1;29 CFT (Centric Fusion Translocation)

Indian reports on robertsonian translocations or Centric Fusion Translocations : 

Indian reports on robertsonian translocations or Centric Fusion Translocations In India two reports of rob(1;29) CFT in Jersey cross a cow and a bull used 9 years for AI In India two reports of rob(7;16) CFT in HF cross bulls. One bull used for AI In Hungary rob(1;29)translocation was induced by a single bull and spreaded fast in many herds ( Kovacs,1989) Less number of reports of rob(1;29)CFTs in India are due to less attention paid on cytogenetic investigation of bulls before being used for AI and not due to “less prevalence of CFTs in Indian cattle population unlike wide distribution of the defect observed worldwide” Few reports on CFTs in India are sufficient to guess the probable fast spread the defect in dairy cattle population through AI as experienced in Hungary.

First Indian report of rob(1;29) in Jersey cross cow in the year 1990 : 

First Indian report of rob(1;29) in Jersey cross cow in the year 1990 Thiagarajan et al., 1990 Rob(1;29) along with chromatid gaps and breaks In Jersey crossbred heifer from chennai History of anoestrus Origin untraceable

Second Indian report of rob(1;29) in Jersey cross bull in the year 2009 : 

Second Indian report of rob(1;29) in Jersey cross bull in the year 2009 Chauhan et al., ( In Press) In Jersey x Gir crossbred bull from semen station Harsool The bull was already used for AI for 9 years Advised to stop further use Records of sire, dam, brothers or sisters were not available Origin untraceable / Distribution required to be known and eradication is must as per Worldwide approach. (? ) Difficult to establish correlation between two reports of 1;29 CFT as records unavailable

First Indian report of rob(7;16) in HF cross bull in the year 1999 : 

First Indian report of rob(7;16) in HF cross bull in the year 1999 Patel,1999 In young HF cross bred bull stationed at rearing centre for training. Phenotypically normal bull Collection of semen not practiced Semen quality not studied Bull not recommended for breeding.

Second Indian report of rob(7;16) in HF cross bull in the year 1999 : 

Second Indian report of rob(7;16) in HF cross bull in the year 1999 NDDB, Biotech lab report 1999-2000 In HF cross bred bull of a bull centre of Mumbai Normal semen picture Already under use for AI before investigation Bull has been culled Semen doses destroyed Distribution required to be known (?). If existing to be eliminated .

Unusual Translocations in buffaloes in India : 

Unusual Translocations in buffaloes in India Three cases of unusual translocations reported in Murrah buffaloes : Vijh et al.,1994 Patel,et al. 2006 and Chauhan et al.,2009 (XX translocation in 61,XXY bull with Azoospermia) Prakash,et al., 2009

Causes of reduced fertlity in 1;29 carriers : 

Causes of reduced fertlity in 1;29 carriers Production of chromosomally unbalanced gametes. Unbalanced zygotes-die at an early stage of development Causing reduced fertility as reported in many cases of CFTs

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Centromeric fragment MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF DICENTRIC / MONOCENTRIC CFT

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Fertilization of egg from normal cow

Causes of wrong selection of carrier bulls as breeding bulls / PT sires and carrier females as dams / ET donors : 

Causes of wrong selection of carrier bulls as breeding bulls / PT sires and carrier females as dams / ET donors Why such an abnormality connected with reduced fertility which is not eliminated by itself ? Longer LP of carrier cows( in proportion to longer CI) Higher Lactation MY (Amrud,1969 ; Zahner ,1977; Kovacs, Csukly,1980 ) Reduced Lifetime MY due to reduced no of lactations (Kovacs ,1983)

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carrier cows, wrongly selected as dams and embryo- donors Carrier bulls or sires of carrier cows - may have high predicted genetic values for milk production – wrongly selected as proven sires Extensive use of carrier sire / bull’s semen through AI / carrier cow as donor cows – resulting into the spread of 1/29 CFT which gets established (Kovacs 1989)

Worldwide Evidences of Reduced Fertility due to1/29 CFT : 

Worldwide Evidences of Reduced Fertility due to1/29 CFT Sweden (Gustavson,1969,1971) 56 day non-return rate of male and female 1/29 heterozygous carriers lowered by 4.5% & 6% respectively High culling rates of daughter groups of heterozygous bulls Incidence of 1/29 CF carriers in Repeat breeder heifer groups increased 7% and even 13 % reduction in fertility noticed subsequently (Dyrendahl and Gustavsson,1979) , Low sperm production and fertility in young carrier bulls of 1/29 CFT found

Hungary (Kovacs,1989) : 

Hungary (Kovacs,1989) 1/29 CF carrier cows produce reduced lifetime production, more CI through higher lactation milk yield, hence, escaped from artificial selection and established the defect. Even sires may have high predicted genetic values for milk production In Hungary translocation was induced by single bull and spreaded fast in many herds. Effect : Higher heifer culling , more services per conception, fewer calves (reduced calving rate )

USA ( Maurer and Vogt, 1988) : 

USA ( Maurer and Vogt, 1988) 7.8% decreased fertilty - detected in all carriers of a descendents of the sire with 1/29 CF heterozygous Twice as many desendents of the presumed carrier Simmental sire were culled for not being pregnant compared with descendents of a sire of unknown cytogenetic status.

East Germany (Laghammer and Schwerin, 1985) : 

East Germany (Laghammer and Schwerin, 1985) Carrier bulls had 0.52 greater insemination / preganancy index Carrier daughters had 18.5 days greater service period than daughters of non carrier bulls.

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Brazil (Pinheiro, 1984) Similar to East German study. Russia (Meleshko, 1989) 13 % reduction in conception rate of normal cows mated with 9 affected bulls, than those mated with normal bulls. Canada (Schmutz and Moker, 1989) 1/29 CF carriers of a herd shown overall low fertilty in the herd. Half of the calves born from carrier heterzygote male were normal and half were heterzygote carriers when mated with normal cow.

Estimation of losses due to rob(1;29) CFT : 

Estimation of losses due to rob(1;29) CFT Sweden The lower fertility caused - loss of two million Swedish Kroners per year ( Gustavsson 1969, 1979)

Hungary (based on small population of state farm)-Hungarian Grey cattle - rob(1;29) CFT - introduced by a single Maremmana bull-in short time - surprisingly spread in several herds. The estimated annual losses ; Kovacs (1989) - Higher heifer culling : +21.90 %, - More services,- Fewer calves ; Instead of normal 85% calving rate it was seen as 80.7 % . : 

Hungary (based on small population of state farm)-Hungarian Grey cattle - rob(1;29) CFT - introduced by a single Maremmana bull-in short time - surprisingly spread in several herds. The estimated annual losses ; Kovacs (1989) - Higher heifer culling : +21.90 %, - More services,- Fewer calves ; Instead of normal 85% calving rate it was seen as 80.7 % .

The annual losses due to rob (1;29) were estimated in Hungary( Kovacs 1983) 1.On the basis of the differences found in the state farm 2.By knowing the frequency of 1;29 translocation carriers among AI bullThe losses found at State farm :- a heifer culling 3.19 times higher - an insemination index higher by 28.43%- a calving loss higher by 5.06% These losses were projected to the entire supposed translocation carrier female Simmental and Simmental-cross cattle stock in Hungary : 

The annual losses due to rob (1;29) were estimated in Hungary( Kovacs 1983) 1.On the basis of the differences found in the state farm 2.By knowing the frequency of 1;29 translocation carriers among AI bullThe losses found at State farm :- a heifer culling 3.19 times higher - an insemination index higher by 28.43%- a calving loss higher by 5.06% These losses were projected to the entire supposed translocation carrier female Simmental and Simmental-cross cattle stock in Hungary

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Worldwide data (presented by various investigators on large population ) ( Gustavsson,1969 ; Popescu,1974 ; Queinnec et al.,1974 ; Refsdal, 1976 ; Blazak and Eldridge,1977; Zahner, 1977 ; Zahner et al., 1979 ;Langhammer and Schwerin 1985 ; Yakovlev et al.,1986 ). Hungarian losses on one state farm were in close agreement with the worldwide data presented by various investigators on large population

ROLE OF THE VETERINARIAN, OWNER, BREED ASSOCIATIONS AND DIAGNOTSTIC LABS IN CLINICAL ANIMAL CYTOGENETICS IN USA/EUROPE : 

ROLE OF THE VETERINARIAN, OWNER, BREED ASSOCIATIONS AND DIAGNOTSTIC LABS IN CLINICAL ANIMAL CYTOGENETICS IN USA/EUROPE In USA, the veterinarians are commonly utilising facility of cytogenetic testing of institutional labs in freemartin and other infertility cases. In Europe, prepurchase cytogenetic testing of phenotypeically normal cattle intended for use as breeding stock has been a standard procedure since more than 30 years. In USA, cattle breeders show increased interest in using cytogenetic testing as a means of enhancing the genetic quality and value of their cattle. Breeders associations in USA serve to inform breeders and also to promote their long term interests.(Weber et al., 1988)

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PREVALENCE OF 1/29 AND OTHER CFT IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES IN VARIOUS BREEDS Roughly 50 breeds worldwide (Kovacs,1989) Mostly beef breeds of European continental origin (Weber, et al. 1989) Exception is the Swedish Red and White a dairy type related to the Ayrshire breed (Weber, et al., 1989) First large sample report of 1/29 cf prevalence involving 1, 173 cattle of Swedish Red and White breed approx. 14% were carrier. Blonde d Aqnitaine (20.6% carriers ) Romagnola breed (32% carriers).

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BRAZIL (Pinheiro and Lobo, 1984) Pitangueiras cattle (18.3% bulls carriers , 19.8% cows carrier No of bulls tested - 454 No of cows tested - 191 Survey of International Prevalence ( No. of carriers / No.tested ) Holsetein = 0% (0 / 3,052) Other dairy breeds (Mainly Swedish) 11% (305/2,771) British beef breeds 5% (40/862) Continental beef breeds 5% (159/3071) (McWhir et al., 1987 )

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USA Absence of 1/29 CF or other CF in 743 young bulls tested cytogenetically. (Fecheimer, 1973) Prevalence of 1/29 CF in Charolais cattle in Minnesota or else where in USA (Lance et al., 1988) 14/20 CFT carriers reported in Simmental cattle of USA 26 States-96 Simmental herds- 105 carriers from 301 cattle tested (Lance, 1992) 31/299 (10.4 %) Brownswiss cattle found to be heterzygous carriers.(Blazak and Eldridge ,1977)

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CANADAIn a Canadian survey ( McWhir et al., 1987 ) of 1/29 CFT, the incidences was Simmental 1/60 Blonded Aquitaine 2/12 Charolais 1 / 4 Romagnola 4/10 Morchigiana 1/3 USA and CANADA 3 types of non1/29CFT reported (Mcwhir et al.,1987)Holstein 1 animal of 14/28 CFTDexter 1 animal of 6/16 CFTSimmental 2 animals of 14/20 CFT

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HUNGARY In Hungary the incidinces of 1/29 CFT in Hungarian Grey cattle increased from 11.9 to 30.4% during 1977-1983 Translocation was induced in Hungarian Grey cattle population by a single Maremmana bull imported from Italy ( Kovacs, 1984 ). Routine chromosome investigations of cattle initiated in 1975 From 1975-1986 ; >3500 cattle evaluated by screening. From these 2660 breeding and young stud bulls ( Table 1)

Table 1. Distribution of bulls according to their breeds and karyotypes (Kovacs 1989) : 

Table 1. Distribution of bulls according to their breeds and karyotypes (Kovacs 1989)

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VIETNAM In Vietnamese cattle a new 2/28 CFT carrier (Tanaka et al., 2000) first report of CFT in South East Asian cattle JAPAN In Holstain Friesian cattle a new 1/21 CFT reported (Miyake et al., 1991)

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UK In British Friesian cattle 1/29 CFT reported in 54.3% (19 out of 23 animals tested) related to a pedigree British Friesian bull(Wilson,1990) A new 19/21 CFT reported in 2 carrier HF cattle GERMANEY A new 16/20 CFT reported in bull descendent of German Red Pied bull and a Czech red pied cow.

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SWITZERLAND A 1/25 CFT in Brown swiss reported in Switzarland (Ladonn et al., 1996) FRANCE a new case of 21/27 CFT reported ( Berland et al., 1988) in several animals of Blonde d’ Aquitaine breed - Dicentric CFT A new rob(19 ;21) translocation reported in HF cow (Pinton et al., 1997) A 1/25 CFT in Simmental cattle of west Germany (Stranzinger and Froster, 1976)

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ARGENTINA (Schifferlia et al.(2003) 1/29 Robertsonian translocation observed in the Argentinean Creole cattle breed The programmes for genetic improvement of bovines should include chromosomal analysis in their selection programme in order to eradicate structural and numerical chromosomal anomalies. In addition,karyotyping can help to control the invasion of genes from Bos indicus. This is of vital importance for the Argentinean cattle industry in order to maintain the pure germplasm of the Creole breed and assure a greater source of biodiversity.

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CZECH REPUBLIC ( Citek et al.,2009 ) A total of 2,425 animals were karyotyped : 2,377 males, (991 Holstein-Friesians, 1,218 Czech Simmental sires, 168 sires of beef breeds) and 48 females. Robertsonian Translocation was found in 10 Czech Simmental sires, 2 Highland, 1 Charolais, and 3 Blonde d’ Aquitaine sires, and in 13 females.

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NEED FOR CYTOGENETIC SURVEILLANCE OF BREDDING STOCK National eradication programme similar to those undertaken in Sweden and later in Brazil initiated worldwide to bring 1/29 CFT under control. (Gustavsson , 1979, Pinheiro, 1984) In Australia and Great Britain cytogenetic evaluation is compulasory for all cattle imported. (Popescu, 1984) In Great Britain cytogenetic evaluation is necessory for all bulls used through AI. (Long. 1985) In Europe it is required that , imported breeding animals or semen be free from chromosomal defect. In North America awarness of cytogenetic tequniques is noted (Lance,1989) Hungary adopted regular cytogenetic testing of bulls used for breeding (Kovacs and Szepeschelyi 1987)

OUTCOME OF NATIONAL ERADICATION POLICY (FOR 1/29 CFT) WORLDWIDE : 

OUTCOME OF NATIONAL ERADICATION POLICY (FOR 1/29 CFT) WORLDWIDE Presently the activities in clinical animal cytogenetics are now concentrated in 10 to 15 laboratories, mainly in Europe, ( Ducos et al.,2008) Some animal cytogenetic laboratories have become highly specialized. Currently between 8,000 and 10,000 chromosomal analyses are carried out each year worldwide, mainly in cattle, pigs, and horses. About half of these analyses are performed in one French laboratory.

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Accurate estimates of the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in some populations are now available. For instance, one phenotypically normal pig in 200 controlled in France carries a structural chromosomal rearrangement. The continuation, and in some instances the development of the chromosomal screening programs in farm animal populations allowed the implementation of new and original scientific projects, aimed at exploring some basic questions in the fields of chromosome and /or cell biology. ( Ducos et al.,2008)

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The frequency of the widespread 1;29 Robertsonian translocation in cattle has greatly decreased in most countries But remains rather high in certain breeds Up to 20-25% in large beef cattle populations, Even higher in some local breeds ( Ducos et al.,2008) SWEDEN Fertility of breed increased by 0.5% (in three years after start of eradication programme.) Incidence of translocation reduced from 14.2 % to 3.4 % 1961 to 1990 in bulls used for AI

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Brazil ( Pinheiro et al ., 1995) Outcome of 10 years of selection against 1/29 CFT No. of services for conception of cows reduced from 2.2 to 1.8 Length of CI reduced from 443.2to 412.4 days Incidences of 1/29 CFT heterozygotes

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SPAIN (Moreno Millan, 2003)   Incidence of 1/29 CFT in 2940 cattle of Retinta breed during 1989-2002 Frequency of 1/29 CFT reduced from 30% (1989) to 7% (2002) It is the result of eradication policy i.e. no 1/29 CFT male carrier cattle are accepted to be used as sires.

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POLAND (Sota et al., 2004) The cytogenetic control system of bulls sent to AI stations has been in use in Poland since 1989. In 1989 to 2002 , 451 animals of Polish Red cattle investigated cytogenetically, XX/XY chimerism - 4 cases 1/29 CFT - 3 cases. In 2003, Four cases of 1/29 CFT diagnosed in a herd of Polish Red It was suggested that cytogenetic monitoring of females of genetic reserve breeds of cattle is also necessary.

Present status of animal cytogenetic research in India: : 

Present status of animal cytogenetic research in India: Proper application of traditional selection methods such as animal cytogenetic tools ,is still missing - survival and spread of CFTs in crossbred dairy cattle Consequences existing rob(1;29) ,rob (7;16) on fertility and production may not be much different than that experienced in past worldwide. The bulls used through AI if not proven sire but even many a times not even ensured to be free from CFTs Presently worldwide the activities in clinical animal cytogenetics are now concentrated in 10 to 15 laboratories, mainly in Europe, ( Ducos et al.,2008) Some animal cytogenetic laboratories have become highly specialized. India too needs such specialized laboratories to control CFTs.

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5. Modern selection tools viz molecular markers , SNP chips will be of use after achieving our dairy animal population ‘genetically clean’ status and reached to maximum possible improvement with the currently available traditional selection tools. 6. Thus, ultimate goal of selection of ideal sire/ bull and ET donor dams both in cattle and buffalo will be possible by contribution from : 1) Cytogenetics : for initial phase of precise screening of bulls 2) Biometrical genetics: for selection of proven sires and bringing max improvement 3) Molecular genetics : by utilizing it’s present and future research outputs viz. use of MAS or use of SNP chips for further refined selection of proven sires

Present Cytogenetic Control System in India for cattle and buffalo : 

Present Cytogenetic Control System in India for cattle and buffalo Minimum standards for production of frozen Semen,2005” ,Central Monitoring Unit, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, “ Before introducing to semen station all bulls shall be karyotyped to rule out any chromosomal defect.”. However. As per the Score card for evaluation of semen station 10 / 500 points if bulls karyotyping is done 110 / 500 points for semen evaluation This shows that least importance is given to the cytogenetic investigations or karyotyping of breeding bulls while evaluating a semen station.

Earlier Suggestions to strengthen Cytogenetic Control System of India still prove true today : 

Earlier Suggestions to strengthen Cytogenetic Control System of India still prove true today Rathnasabapathy , (1993) “Indian scientist lag behind in the field of animal cytogenetic research and investigations in farm animals” Suggested need to step up efforts in the interest of livestock health and reproduction in India as : Bulls - AI centers – regularly karyotyped - to improve the breeding efficiency. The heifers- intended for bull production / females in the bull mother farms should be certified similarly. In the clinics and hospitals the abortuses, repeaters and cases with congenital malformations should be chromosomally examined in a routine manner. The ICAR should finance setting up of at least a dozen cytogenetic laboratories in the different regions of the country and three or four major reference laboratories to take up research and investigations and train personnel.

Suggested measures to strengthen Cytogenetic Control System of India under present circumstances : 

Suggested measures to strengthen Cytogenetic Control System of India under present circumstances Karyotyping of male livestock -especially cattle and buffalo bulls should be mandatory - to identify CFTs / eradicate existing CFTs rob(1;29) in Jersey crossbred and 7;16 in Holstein crossbred - to be eradicated by National Eradication Plan -from carrier animals Highly specialized facilities – as human cytogenetic laboratories or international animal cytogenetic labs be created nationwide - precise identification of chromosomal rearrangements using molecular cytogenetic tools as well as in cancer cytogenetics research-veterinary clinical services/education similar to medical colleges- labs in every state of India either in institutions such as veterinary colleges and / or in the various Govt. Frozen semen stations

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CMU,Dept. AH, Dairying and Fisheries,GOI should review present Cytogenetic Monitoring System prevailing in India for easy access of respective station to get their bulls karyotyped - karyotyping should be made mandatory for every bull of semen station at initial screening only. As per prevailing norms - 10 / 500 points for bulls - 110 / 500 points for semen evaluation i.e. least importance indicated for karyotyping . This need to be corrected - Instead of giving score points karyotyping should be the first screening step of bull before being put for further tests - if positive for chromosomal abnormality - culled though it’s semen evaluation report is excellent or even it progeny tested .

Molecular cytogenetic tools for precise identification of translocations : 

Molecular cytogenetic tools for precise identification of translocations More recent studies using combination of banding techniques and FISH have uncovered over 45 different robertsonian translocations in cattle breeds from various countries . Of these rob(1;29) is most widely distributed worldwide( Basrur and King, 2005) A new balanced autosomal reciprocal translocation leading to an abnormally long chromosome in a Grey Alpine bull between chromosome 1 and 5 revealed by banding techniques and chromosome painting with human chromosome 3 and 12 probes (Iannuzzi et al., 2001). Dam of the carrier bull has same translocation. Both carrier bull and it’s dam has poor fertility, hence, bull was culled. A case of azospermia in a bull carrying an abnormal Y chromosome which was a product of a reciprocal translocation between Y and autosome 9. It was revealed by banding techniques and clearly confirmed by FISH mapping analysis of chromosomes with painting probes. This translocation induced sterility in the said bull. (Iannuzzi et al., 2001)

Metaphase of the boar heterozygote for the 3/15 translocation after painting with the chromosome 3 (green) and 15 (red) probes ( Pinton et al.,2005) : 

Metaphase of the boar heterozygote for the 3/15 translocation after painting with the chromosome 3 (green) and 15 (red) probes ( Pinton et al.,2005)

Metaphase of the boar heterozygote for the 12/14 translocation after painting with the chromosome 12(red)and 14(green) probes ( Pinton et al.,2005) : 

Metaphase of the boar heterozygote for the 12/14 translocation after painting with the chromosome 12(red)and 14(green) probes ( Pinton et al.,2005)

Points to Note : 

Points to Note Bulls with good semen picture can even be a carrier of major cytogenetic defect reducing fertility viz.1;29 CFT ,through AI Breeding cows / ET donors / Bull mothers with high milk yield can also be a carrier of cytogenetic defect of reducing fertility of offspring to population through even ET. Carrier cows show higher lactation milk yield but reduced Lifetime MY due to more SP, CI and calving percentage.(i.e. reduced fertility). Sires selected based on performance of such daughters can mislead us. Neglecting the cytogenetic check resulted spread of such defects very fast through AI and ET ( ? ) as evident from updated information worldwide. Presently worldwide the activities in clinical animal cytogenetics are now concentrated in 10 to 15 laboratories, mainly in Europe, ( Ducos et al.,2008) Some animal cytogenetic laboratories have become highly specialized. India too needs highly specialized laboratories to control CFTs. Routine Cytogenetic Testing facility can be established even at Frozen semen stations to facilitate bull selection

Conclusions : 

Conclusions Conventional way of artificial selection of breeding stock reseulted in reduced fertilty due to spread of mostly translocations especially of various forms, rob(1;29), worldwide. Many developed countries are following the strict cytogenetic control system for their livestock as a National policy. National eradication plan could detect carriers and control and/or correct lowered fertlity as noted in Sweden, Brazil, Spain. India landed in a similar situation as Swedish or Hungarian breeders, with regards to economic losses due to reports on prevalence of CFTs such as rob(1;29) and it’s spread in the crossbred cattle population through AI. In India there is an urgent need to create awareness among the policy and decision makers about serious consequences of prevalence of CFTs especially rob(1;29), as the most ambitious nationwide Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding has targeted for cent percent coverage of cattle and buffalo population under AI.

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Less number of reports of rob(1;29)CFTs in India are due to less attention paid on cytogenetic investigation of bulls before being used for AI Few reports on CFTs in India are sufficient to guess the probable fast spread the defect in dairy cattle population through AI as experienced in Hungary. The programmes for genetic improvement of bovines should include chromosomal analysis in their selection programme in order to eradicate structural and numerical chromosomal anomalies, and assure a greater source of biodiversity. To achieve this India too needs specialized laboratories as observed in the world to keep ‘genetically clean status’ of livestock especially dairy cattle.

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Thanks

Survey of the losses due to rob(1;29) in a large State Farm , Hungary (Kovacs, Csukly 1980; Kovacs 1983) : 

Survey of the losses due to rob(1;29) in a large State Farm , Hungary (Kovacs, Csukly 1980; Kovacs 1983) The karyotypes of 322 daughters of a heterozygous Simmental bull prepared There were more t+ heifers among the culled ones Among calves - Mendelian distribution of 50-50 observed ( Table 2) By knowing the average culling rate of the total half sister’s group(24.81%),the culling rates of the t+ and t- groups may be calculated (Table 3)

Table 2. Karyotypes of the daughters of the Simmental bull “1771 Sanyi” at the State farm (Kovacs,1989) : 

Table 2. Karyotypes of the daughters of the Simmental bull “1771 Sanyi” at the State farm (Kovacs,1989)

Table 3. Estimated culling rates of the t- and t+ groups of heifers (Kovacs, 1989) : 

Table 3. Estimated culling rates of the t- and t+ groups of heifers (Kovacs, 1989)

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The fertility indices of the t+ and t- daughter groups are given in Table 4 The insemination index of the t+ group was 28.43% and fertility was 32.41% lower as compared to the controlled group. An unfavorable but not significant difference was found in the CI (+21.62) as well as ( - 4.57%) With respect to lactation , first lactation performance of the t+ and t- groups are given in Table 5 The lifetime productions of t+ cows was not better due to lower no. of calving

Table 4. Comparison of fertility parameters of the t+ and t- groups ( Kovacs and Csukly 1980) : 

Table 4. Comparison of fertility parameters of the t+ and t- groups ( Kovacs and Csukly 1980)

Table 5 First lactation performance of the t+ and t- cows (Kovacs , 1989) : 

Table 5 First lactation performance of the t+ and t- cows (Kovacs , 1989)