logging in or signing up Cell Reactions and Energy dantescience Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 320 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: November 30, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: CELL REACTIONS & ENERGY M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell There are various forms of energy, but… Energy (definition) The capacity to do work Example – Steam Engine M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Cells require energy to be able to complete their work (cellular processes) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Cells require energy to be able to complete their work (cellular processes) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Cells require energy to be able to complete their work (cellular processes) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Individual cells use energy for work Cells work together for a greater function Example Heart muscle individually beat Heat contracts to pump blood M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Example Muscles contract in peristalsis Helps push food down esophagus M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Potential Energy (definition) Stored energy This stored energy can be released under the right circumstances Potential energy has the potential to release energy to potentially do work M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Example Water behind a dam has stored energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy(dam) : Potential Energy(dam) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Living organisms obtain energy from the potential energy stored in chemicals (food) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Example – Glucose Glucose contains potential energy (stored energy) Cells obtain energy to complete work from this potential energy contained in glucose GLUCOSE WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Potential Energy is very important in biology In biology potential energy exists in the form of Chemical Potential Energy which is released via chemical reactions Chemical reactions can: i) release chemical energy (stored potential energy) ii) require energy to take place M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Metabolism : Metabolism Metabolism (definition) Sum of all biochemical reactions which take place in the cell These chemical reactions are crucial to providing the cell with energy, i.e. using glucose (from food) to produce energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Chemical Reactions : Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions have: Reactants Compounds involved in initial reaction Left side of reaction Products What is produced from the reaction Right side of reaction M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Chemical Reactions : Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions can be classified as 1) exergonic reactions – release energy 2) endergonic reactions – require energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic Reactions : Exergonic Reactions Chemical Reactions which release energy Why is energy released? Reactants have MORE potential energy than products, this is released during the chemical reaction M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic Reactions : Exergonic Reactions Example – Fire Energy released is heat via fire Reactants have more potential energy than the Products Wood + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide (smoke) + Water + Heat (energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Endergonic Reactions : Endergonic Reactions Chemical Reactions require energy to take place Why is energy required? Reactants have LESS potential energy than products, so constant input of energy is required during the reaction M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Endergonic Reactions : Endergonic Reactions M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(example) : Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(example) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(products & reactants) : Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(products & reactants) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Chemical Reactions : Chemical Reactions Whether a chemical reaction occurs or doesn’t, depends on the laws of thermodynamics. Disordered reactions are favored Generally, if energy is released in a reaction, the reaction is favored. M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Slide 25: M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Slide 26: Life Requires Lots of Unfavorable Reactions (organized reactions) How Is This Possible? favorable reactions unfavorable reactions M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Slide 27: M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP ATP is the energy molecule of the cell, used to drive energy requiring processes in the cell Energy is released when ATP reacts with water The body creates ATP from ADP with an input of energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP ENERGY IS BEING RELEASE(energy is on right side of arrow) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP The way ATP works M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Definition: Activation Energy is the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to begin M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Exothermic (exergonic) reactions – input of initial activation energy starts reaction which continues on its own, releasing energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Endothermic (endergonic) reactions – input of initial activation energy starts reaction however constant input of energy is required for the reaction to continue M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Using Heat Heat is often used to start chemical reactions, so many reactions take place by increasing the temperature Cells can’t use heat because heat denatures (takes apart) proteins and this damage cells M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes : Enzymes Cells can’t use heat to speed up biochemical reactions, so… Enzymes (definition) A biological catalyst Made of protein Function – speeds up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy Decrease of activation energy, means that the reaction can take place at body temperature M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) : Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) : Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes(catalysts and activation energy) : Enzymes(catalysts and activation energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work : How Enzymes Work Enzyme floats free Enzyme binds to a substrate A substrate is a reactant in a chemical reaction to which the enzyme binds Each enzyme has an active site Active site of the enzyme binds to substrate M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work : How Enzymes Work Enzyme and substrate bind to form the enzyme-substrate complex Enzymes than un-attach and are free to start the process again M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work : How Enzymes Work M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) : How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) : How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) : How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Characteristics of Enzymes : Characteristics of Enzymes Large molecules whose name ends in “ASE” Work very fast 1000’s of reactions per second Functional Structure Each enzyme has unique structure This influences function, so an enzyme is specific to a substrate M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Characteristics of Enzymes : Characteristics of Enzymes Enzymes are affected by: Temperature Enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they work Ex. Human enzymes work best at body temperature pH Enzymes have an optimal pH at which they work Ex. Digestive enzymes work best in an acidic environment (ie. In stomach) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Characteristics of Enzymes(enzyme activity) : Characteristics of Enzymes(enzyme activity) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Cell Reactions and Energy dantescience Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 320 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: November 30, 2009 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: CELL REACTIONS & ENERGY M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell There are various forms of energy, but… Energy (definition) The capacity to do work Example – Steam Engine M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Cells require energy to be able to complete their work (cellular processes) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Cells require energy to be able to complete their work (cellular processes) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Cells require energy to be able to complete their work (cellular processes) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Individual cells use energy for work Cells work together for a greater function Example Heart muscle individually beat Heat contracts to pump blood M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Energy & The Cell : Energy & The Cell Example Muscles contract in peristalsis Helps push food down esophagus M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Potential Energy (definition) Stored energy This stored energy can be released under the right circumstances Potential energy has the potential to release energy to potentially do work M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Example Water behind a dam has stored energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy(dam) : Potential Energy(dam) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Living organisms obtain energy from the potential energy stored in chemicals (food) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Example – Glucose Glucose contains potential energy (stored energy) Cells obtain energy to complete work from this potential energy contained in glucose GLUCOSE WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Potential Energy : Potential Energy Potential Energy is very important in biology In biology potential energy exists in the form of Chemical Potential Energy which is released via chemical reactions Chemical reactions can: i) release chemical energy (stored potential energy) ii) require energy to take place M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Metabolism : Metabolism Metabolism (definition) Sum of all biochemical reactions which take place in the cell These chemical reactions are crucial to providing the cell with energy, i.e. using glucose (from food) to produce energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Chemical Reactions : Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions have: Reactants Compounds involved in initial reaction Left side of reaction Products What is produced from the reaction Right side of reaction M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Chemical Reactions : Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions can be classified as 1) exergonic reactions – release energy 2) endergonic reactions – require energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic Reactions : Exergonic Reactions Chemical Reactions which release energy Why is energy released? Reactants have MORE potential energy than products, this is released during the chemical reaction M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic Reactions : Exergonic Reactions Example – Fire Energy released is heat via fire Reactants have more potential energy than the Products Wood + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide (smoke) + Water + Heat (energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Endergonic Reactions : Endergonic Reactions Chemical Reactions require energy to take place Why is energy required? Reactants have LESS potential energy than products, so constant input of energy is required during the reaction M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Endergonic Reactions : Endergonic Reactions M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(example) : Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(example) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(products & reactants) : Exergonic & Endergonic Reactions(products & reactants) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Chemical Reactions : Chemical Reactions Whether a chemical reaction occurs or doesn’t, depends on the laws of thermodynamics. Disordered reactions are favored Generally, if energy is released in a reaction, the reaction is favored. M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Slide 25: M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Slide 26: Life Requires Lots of Unfavorable Reactions (organized reactions) How Is This Possible? favorable reactions unfavorable reactions M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Slide 27: M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP ATP is the energy molecule of the cell, used to drive energy requiring processes in the cell Energy is released when ATP reacts with water The body creates ATP from ADP with an input of energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP ENERGY IS BEING RELEASE(energy is on right side of arrow) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP The way ATP works M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) ATP : ATP M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Definition: Activation Energy is the amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to begin M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Exothermic (exergonic) reactions – input of initial activation energy starts reaction which continues on its own, releasing energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Endothermic (endergonic) reactions – input of initial activation energy starts reaction however constant input of energy is required for the reaction to continue M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Activation Energy : Activation Energy Using Heat Heat is often used to start chemical reactions, so many reactions take place by increasing the temperature Cells can’t use heat because heat denatures (takes apart) proteins and this damage cells M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes : Enzymes Cells can’t use heat to speed up biochemical reactions, so… Enzymes (definition) A biological catalyst Made of protein Function – speeds up chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy Decrease of activation energy, means that the reaction can take place at body temperature M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) : Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) : Enzymes(lowering of activation energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Enzymes(catalysts and activation energy) : Enzymes(catalysts and activation energy) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work : How Enzymes Work Enzyme floats free Enzyme binds to a substrate A substrate is a reactant in a chemical reaction to which the enzyme binds Each enzyme has an active site Active site of the enzyme binds to substrate M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work : How Enzymes Work Enzyme and substrate bind to form the enzyme-substrate complex Enzymes than un-attach and are free to start the process again M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work : How Enzymes Work M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) : How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) : How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) : How Enzymes Work(enzyme changing shape) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Characteristics of Enzymes : Characteristics of Enzymes Large molecules whose name ends in “ASE” Work very fast 1000’s of reactions per second Functional Structure Each enzyme has unique structure This influences function, so an enzyme is specific to a substrate M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Characteristics of Enzymes : Characteristics of Enzymes Enzymes are affected by: Temperature Enzymes have an optimal temperature at which they work Ex. Human enzymes work best at body temperature pH Enzymes have an optimal pH at which they work Ex. Digestive enzymes work best in an acidic environment (ie. In stomach) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.) Characteristics of Enzymes(enzyme activity) : Characteristics of Enzymes(enzyme activity) M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)