Cellular Structure :Cellular Structure 1 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Types of Cells :Types of Cells All cells from any of the 5 kingdoms are either Prokaryotic Cells or Eukaryotic Cells 2 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Types of Cells :Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cells Usually bacteria Lack a nucleus (bag containing DNA) & organelles Eukaryotic Cells Compromise 4 of 5 kingdoms Has a nucleus & organelles 3 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Types of Cells :Types of Cells 4 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Types of Cells :Types of Cells There are key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Create a table with 3 columns (see below) 5 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Types of Cells :Types of Cells 6 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Types of Cells :Types of Cells 7 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Types of Cells :Types of Cells 8 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Eukaryotic Cells :Eukaryotic Cells 9 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane) :Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane) Outer boundary of cell Separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid (fluid outside the cell) Functions: Protects the cell Controls what enters and leaves the cell 10 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane) :Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane) 11 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Plasma Membrane (cellular membrane) :Plasma Membrane (cellular membrane) Plasma membrane is selectively permeable so only certain things can pass through 12 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Slide 13:13 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane) :Plasma Membrane(cellular membrane) 14 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Cytoplasm :Cytoplasm The “inside of the cell” Cytoplasm consists of: Cellular Structures (organelles) The cystol Cystol A thick soup of salts, organic molecules and ezymes for reactions Makes up 70% of the cell 15 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Cytoplasm :Cytoplasm 16 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Cell Wall :Cell Wall Only found in plant cells (exceptions) Structure Rigid wall made of cellulose Fibers of cellulose are “interlocked” leaving “spaces” 17 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Cell Wall :Cell Wall Complete Permeable Allows any small thing to pass through freely Passes through “spaces in the cell wall” Functions Protection from physical injury Provides support in conjunction with the vacuoles 18 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Cell Wall :Cell Wall 19 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus Found in all Eukaryotes (1 per cell) A complex organelle (structure having its own membrane) “Brain” of the cell which regulates cell activity Ie. Contains cells DNA (genetic material) 20 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus 21 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus Nucleus Structure Nuclear Envelope Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Chromatin 22 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus (a closer look) :The Nucleus (a closer look) 23 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus Nuclear Membrane Double membrane of nucleus Separates nucleus contents (DNA) from rest of cell Selectively Permeable – regulates what enters or leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores Outer part of membrane is connected to the rough ER 24 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Nuclear Envelope (a closer look) :Nuclear Envelope (a closer look) 25 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus Nuclear Pores Passages in nuclear envelope Allows substances to pass in/out of nucleus Examples: Materials for DNA (go in) Molecules for energy (go in) Ribosomal subunits made inside (go out) 26 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus Chromatin DNA (genetic material) is wrapped around histones (a protein) to reduce size 27 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus (a closer look at chromatin) :The Nucleus (a closer look at chromatin) 28 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus Nucleolus Membrane lacking structure in the nucleus Makes ribosomal subunits 29 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


The Nucleus :The Nucleus 30 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) :Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Folded system of membranes Has large surface area (allows for increased chemical reactions) ER manufactures, processes, and transports various compounds for use OUT OF THE CELL Spreads throughout the cell 31 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Slide 32:32 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) :Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Surface is covered with ribosomes Involved in production & processing of proteins that will be exported, or secreted, from the cell 33 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) :Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Primarily involved in production of lipids Also involved in detoxification of drugs & poisons Lacks ribosomes, but receives proteins from rough ER 34 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) :Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 35 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) :Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 36 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Ribosomes :Ribosomes Cell structure made of RNA and protein Has no membrane Location: On rough ER Floating free throughout the cell 37 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Ribosomes :Ribosomes Functions Makes protein by assembling amino acids 38 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Ribosomes :Ribosomes 39 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Golgi Apparatus :Golgi Apparatus Saclike membranes, pinched off at ends The “packaging” and “shipping” department of the cell 40 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Golgi Apparatus :Golgi Apparatus Functions: Receives chemicals (from ER) Chemicals are modified to make them functional Chemicals are released in vesciles Note – chemicals can also be stored 41 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Golgi Apparatus :Golgi Apparatus 42 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Lysosomes :Lysosomes Found in/with Golgi Bodies Structure Membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes Hydrolytic Enzymes A digestive enzyme i.e. using water to split chemical bonds 43 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Lysosomes :Lysosomes Functions Breakdown of large molecules into simpler ones Breakdown uses water molecules Also involved in helping white blood cells to destroy bacteria 44 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Lysosomes :Lysosomes Typically found in Golgi bodies Contain digestive enzymes to digest/breakdown unwanted particles into basic compounds Help white blood cells to destroy bacteria 45 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Lysosomes :Lysosomes 46 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Mitochondra :Mitochondra “Powerhouse” of the cell Structure Has a double membrane Cristae - Inside folds studded with proteins 47 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Slide 48:Notice the studding 48 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Mitochondria :Mitochondria Functions Site of cellular respiration Cellular Respiration The release of chemical energy from food Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) 49 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Mitochondria :Mitochondria Plant Cells Provides energy when no sunlight Converts stored glucose (sugar) to energy 50 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Mitochondria :Mitochondria Animal Cells Main energy produce for the cell Energy comes from glucose (sugar) from food Cells with higher energy needs have more mitochondria 51 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Mitochondria :Mitochondria 52 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Chloroplasts (plants only) :Chloroplasts (plants only) Energy “powerplant” of plant cells Structure Composed of double membrane Grana Thylakoid – inner layers which contain chlorophyll 53 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Chloroplasts(plants only) :Chloroplasts(plants only) Functions Contain chlorophyll Provide energy for plants through photosynthesis Photosynthesis Process through which plants obtain energy from the sun 54 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Chloroplasts(plants only) :Chloroplasts(plants only) 55 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Vacuoles(plants mainly) :Vacuoles(plants mainly) Structure A single layer of unit membrane Enclosing fluid in a sack 56 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Vacuoles(plants mainly) :Vacuoles(plants mainly) Generally, stores water, waste, or materials Structure A single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid in a sack 57 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Vacuoles(plants mainly) :Vacuoles(plants mainly) Functions Produces turgor pressure against cell wall for support in plants Provides 80% of a plants support Stores water and various chemicals May store insoluble wastes 58 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Vacuoles(plants mainly) :Vacuoles(plants mainly) 59 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Centrioles :Centrioles Structure Barrel shaped organelles called centrioles Made of microtubules Functions Involved in mitosis (cell division) Releases spindle fibres to move chromosomes 60 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Centrioles(animation – mitosis) :Centrioles(animation – mitosis) 61 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Centrioles(animation – mitosis) :Centrioles(animation – mitosis) 62 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Centrioles :Centrioles 63 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Cytoskeleton :Cytoskeleton 64 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Cytoskeleton :Cytoskeleton Cellular skeleton / scaffolding Found in the cytoplasm (In all eukaryotic cells, some prokaryotic cells) Composed of different filaments (actin, intermediate) and microtubles Functions Maintain cell shape Enable cell motion Involved in intra-cellular transport (movement of organelles & vesicles) Involved in cellular division 65 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)


Comparing Plant & Animal Cells :Comparing Plant & Animal Cells 66 M.Bregar (Dante C.S.S.)