Computer Hardware: Computer Hardware Hardware: The internal structure of computers, how they operate and how they are used in solving problems. General Overview


What is a Computer System?: What is a Computer System? What is it comprise of? How would you define it?


Robots = Computer Systems?: Robots = Computer Systems?


Computer Systems: Computer Systems Hardware Software Hardware=The physical components (electrical circuits) that make up the computer Software=The computer programs (sequences of instructions) that tell the computer what to do in response to a command or some event.


Slide6: WINDOWS Versions: 95 / 98 / Me / 2000 / XP / Vista LINUX RED HAT / MANDRAKE MACINTOSH Versions: MAC OS 9 / MAC OS X


How do we communicate with computers?: How do we communicate with computers? What does this symbol Mean?


Language called BINARY: Language called BINARY


The only thing a computer understands is: The only thing a computer understands is 1 0


Components of a Computer: Components of a Computer MAIN MEMORY PROCESSOR INPUT DEVICES AUXILIARY STORAGE OUTPUT DEVICES For reading data into Main Memory For processing the data For printing, displaying Or out-put of info For permanent storage of programs and data The program currently being executed is stored here. (it is divided into storage units called BYTES) Fix The Mistakes


Components of a Computer: Components of a Computer MAIN MEMORY PROCESSOR INPUT DEVICES AUXILIARY STORAGE OUTPUT DEVICES For reading data into Main Memory For processing the data For printing, displaying Or out-put of info For permanent storage of programs and data The program currently being executed is stored here. (it is divided into storage units called BYTES)


Think of the Brain (System): Think of the Brain (System) INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT Exam Results! Information for the Exam….


Computer Systems are the same: Computer Systems are the same Data is INPUT Data is PROCESSED Something is OUTPUT GIGO (Garbage in…Garbage out..)


Types of Computer: Types of Computer Minicomputers Mainframe Computers Supercomputers


Minicomputers: Minicomputers Multi-user systems 100’s of workstations or terminals attached to central minicomputer E.g. EPOS (Electronic Point of Sale) Systems


Mainframe computers: Mainframe computers Large Organisations –banks, building societies, airlines, governments May have 1000’s of terminals –geographically remote locations Could occupy a whole site 100’s of disk drives & hardware units Location often kept secret! (terrorist attacks)


Supercomputers: Supercomputers Largest Category of computer Cost Millions Mostly used by scientific and industrial research departments NASA –government agencies Weather Centres Stock Exchanges Large Commercial Organisations


PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?: PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?


PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?: PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?


NASA Goddard Space Centre: NASA Goddard Space Centre Fourth Largest Supercomputer in the world Linux Operating System Huge Memory Processing Power –unparalleled!


PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?: PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?


PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?: PC, Mini, Mainframe or Supercomputer?


Dr. Mark Seager of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inspects the world's fastest __________________a 64-rack Blue Gene complex. : Dr. Mark Seager of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory inspects the world's fastest __________________a 64-rack Blue Gene complex. From picasaweb.google.com/.../KyPjMrKhtXMLpvIkZ4Jhtw


The processor: The processor PROCESSES! Faster the processor, better the PC?


What is the equivalent (in humans) to the processor?: What is the equivalent (in humans) to the processor? How does the Brain process? -receives an instruction (stimulus) -decodes & produces an appropriate instruction -executes the instruction! -slap on the cheek –anger/revenge etc logged -anger decoded –instruction to slap back -slap back! (OR TURN THE OTHER CHEEK?)


Processor: Processor Brain of the computer Processes instructions THREE STEPS 1) Fetches Instructions 2) Decodes Instruction 3) Executes Instruction


What is a Processor?: What is a Processor? Most computers use integrated chips….or integrated circuits for their processors or main memory A chip is about 1cm square…and can hold MILLIONS of electronic components such as transistors and resistors CPU of a microcomputer is a microprocessor Processor and MAIN MEMORY of a PC are held on a single board called a motherboard.


PROCESSORS: PROCESSORS Either chips or integrated circuits Integrated circuits are also found in almost every modern electrical device such as cars, television sets, CD players, cellular phones, etc.


Slide31: Types of DRAM Burst EDO RAM Operates at a faster rate than the EDO RAM. supported by chipset Intel 440 FX. Synchronous DRAM Operates in synchronization with the memory bus. The latency period is reduced. Supported by Chipsets 430 VX 430 TX and Intel chipsets.


Slide32: Types of DRAM Double Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM It is an improved form of SDRAM The data is transferred twice per clock cycle. DDR2RAM It is designed to consume less power Introduced with the Intel i915 and i925 chipsets.


CHIP: CHIP A computer chip is an electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. An electric circuit is made from different electrical components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors and diodes, that are connected to each other in different ways. These components have different behaviors. The transistor acts like a switch Resistor –resists electricity –so you can control current Capacitor –controls electricity Diode –also allows control of current and flow


Why Integrated Circuits (transistors)?: Why Integrated Circuits (transistors)? Before –there were VACUUM TUBE They were huge –costly –bulky –easily burned out The first Computer –ENIAC –huge 30 ton monster! *use of 18000 or so vacuum tubes*


Types of Processors: Types of Processors INTEL


A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. : A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. Jack Kilby's Integrated circuit, the first working Integrated circuit created


New Super-Efficient Chip Could Run on Body Heat : New Super-Efficient Chip Could Run on Body Heat


MAIN MEMORY: MAIN MEMORY The program currently being executed and the data used by the program is held in MAIN MEMORY MM is divided into millions of individually addressable storage units called BYTES One byte can hold one character Or one byte can hold a code representing something –i.e a part of a picture, or a sound, or a program instruction. The total number of bytes in MM = The computers MEMORY SIZE.


Computer Memory Sizes: Computer Memory Sizes 1 KB (KB) =1024 Bytes 1 MB =1024KB 1 GB =1024MB 1Tb =1024GB (about 1 trillion bytes)


Bill Gates made the famous remark…: Bill Gates made the famous remark… “640 K ought to be enough for anybody..” 1981…. Things have changed drastically! 2004 –PC with 512 MB of MM was standard….


RAM and ROM: RAM and ROM There are two kinds of Memory RAM –Random Access Memory (MM) (this is used for storing programs that are currently running and data that is being processed) ROM –Read Only Memory (its contents are PERMANENTLY etched into the memory chip at the manufacturing stage. It is used –for example –to load the bootstrap loader (the program that loads as soon as you start the machine)


RAM: RAM Random Access memory Main Memory Stores info about applications that are open and data VOLATILE – When you switch off the machine, it disappears!!!


ROM: ROM Read only memory Non-Volatile (does not change) Programs that are necessary for the computer to run Boot up program etc


Cache Memory: Cache Memory This is a very FAST type of memory that is used to improve the spped of a computer, DOUBLING it ….in some cases. Acts as an intermediate store between CPU and MM It works by storing most frequently or recently used instructions so that it is fast to retrive them again. Cache is usually between 1KB and 512KB


Hard disk & Floppy Disk: Hard disk & Floppy Disk All standalone PC’s come equipped with an in-built hard disk –the capacity of which is also measured in BYTES. A typical hard disk nowadays is several gigabytes - - is used for storing software including the OPERATING SYSTEM..and other systems software.


Other types of Storage: Other types of Storage Flash Memory Cards Sticks Floppy discs Disks


INPUT AND OUTPUT devices: INPUT AND OUTPUT devices Input devices are the means whereby computers can accept data or instructions Keyboards, magnetic strip cards, smart cards, magnetic ink character recognition devices, Output –printer, VDU monitors, speakers, etc


Embedded Computers and special-purpose computers: Embedded Computers and special-purpose computers Not necessarily all computers are general purpose compuers with a screen, keyboard and disk drive. Special-purpose or dedicated computers can do all sorts of things from controlling the temperature in a greenhouse to controlling traffic lights or using a cash point Embedded Computers are used in household,goods,automobiles and in industry


The Future of Storage?: The Future of Storage?


Storage Medium and Memory: Storage Medium and Memory


Slide53: What is common to all these?


Slide55: Physical Components of Network


Slide56: Coaxial Cable Consists of a central copper core surrounded by an insulator, a braided metal shielding, called braiding, and an outer cover, called the sheath or jacket High bandwidth – Up to 400 MHz Max. used data rates – 100 Mbps High quality of data transmission Signal loss at high frequencies


Slide57: Twisted Pair Cable Consists of color-coded pairs of twisted & insulated copper wires Used extensively in telephone cables Is inexpensive, flexible, and easy to install All twisted pair cables fall into two categories – Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)


Slide58: Fiber Optic Cable Very high bandwidths of up to several Gbps Light is used as source Could be used for long distances covering hundreds of kilometers Provide very high bandwidth – up to 20, 000 MHz Low interference provides highly efficient transmission High costs are currently the only drawback


Slide60: Registered Jack (RJ) RJ-11 – Defined for telephone connectors RJ-45 – Defined for UTP connectors RJ 45 RJ 11


Slide61: Common Topologies


Slide62: Network Types Local Area Networks (LANs) - A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network (LAN)


Slide63: Wide Area Networks (WANs) - LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)


Slide64: MAN – Metropolitan Area Network A network that connects two or more LANs, but does not extend beyond the boundaries or the immediate town or city Shevapet Steel Plant Fairlands Hasthampatti


Slide65: Network Devices Switch Routers Servers


Slide67: Function of Protocol in Network Communication Network protocols are used to allow devices to communicate successfully


Slide68: Protocol A Protocol is an agreed-upon format for transmitting data between two devices. The protocol determines the following: the type of error checking to be used data compression method, if any how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message


Slide69: ( Open System Interconnection ) OSI Model It is a reference model designed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1974


Slide70: Computer B Picture on web browser Encoded picture (JPG) Initiates communications (HTTP) Communication PC to PC (TCP) IP Address assignment Network Interface (NIC) Picture on web browser Encoded picture (JPG) Initiates communications (HTTP) Communication PC to PC (TCP) IP Address assignment Network Interface (NIC) . . . 010100110 Layers Layers Computer A 010100110 Communication between Computers


Slide71: Addressing Just as we use postal address, email address to communicate with our friends, we do need an address to identify our computer in this web of network. There are two different ways of identifying our machine in a network. MAC address and IP address


Slide72: MAC Address MAC addresses are usually written in one of the following two formats: 00:13:21:0F:83:DF 00-13-21-0F-83-DF MAC address is a 48 bit address MAC address are 12 digit Hexadecimal {0-9} {A- F} Address


Slide73: MAC Address


Slide74: Internet Protocol Address is given to the computer as an identifier to a computer in a TCP/IP Network IP Address is also known as Logical Address IP Address works in Layer 3 (Network) Two versions of IP Addressing IP Version 4 - 32 bit address (used currently) IP Version 6 - 128 bit address IP Address


Slide75: Command Prompt Window


Slide79: Security Technologies


Slide80: Channel Channel 7 Channel 7 Channel 7 Channel 11 Channel 1 Frames


Slide81: Channel Channel 1 Channel 6 Channel 11 Channel 11 Channel 1 Frames


Slide82: Mobility Wireless Links Mobile Wireless Appliances


Slide83: Last Mile Data Delivery Wireless Internet Service Providers provide Internet access to remote places WISP Remote Residence


Slide84: Wireless Wide Area Network Wireless Wide Area Networking or Mobile Broadband is accomplished through the use of mobile phone signals.  Mobile Broadband Networks are typically provided and maintained by specific mobile phone (cellular) service providers.  Connectivity can be maintained anywhere there is cellular phone service available from the provider Range is in miles rather than feet Transfers data at the speed of 3 Gbps


Slide86: Cisco Networking Academy Program STUDENTS WORLDWIDE 1.6 Million + TOTAL EXAMS TAKEN 40 Million +


Slide87: Networking Academy Product Portfolio Future Network Installer Basic IT Support System Admin Small and Medium Business Networking Enterprise Networking CAREERS CCNP Advanced Routing Remote Access Multilayer Switching Troubleshooting Wireless Security FUNDAMENTALS CCNA- Routing, Switching, WANs, Intro to Adv Tech


Slide88: The Cisco Opportunity: Enterprise Networking Leadership 3Com 1% Dell 3% Compaq 3% IBM 4% Nortel 7% Cisco 80% Other 2%


Slide91: Why Choose A Networking Career?


Slide92: Key Engineering Services (ES) and Offshore Product Development (OPD) verticals of Indian ES and OPD exports (FY2008) http://www.nasscom.in


Slide93: Internet Cell phone communication Company Education Bank Hospital Telecommunication Research


Slide94: Enterprise Networking Leadership 3Com 1% Dell 3% Compaq 3% IBM 4% Nortel 7% Cisco 80% Other 2%


Slide96: Cisco Networking Academy Program STUDENTS WORLDWIDE 1.6 Million + TOTAL EXAMS TAKEN 40 Million +


Slide97: NASA and Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, CA, are collaborating to test and demonstrate Next Generation Internet hardware and software following the recent signing of a Memorandum of Understanding. By 2002, research and development by NASA and five other federal agencies on the Next Generation Internet (NGI) initiative could result in information flowing over the Internet 100 to 1,000 times faster than today's speeds, according to NASA engineers. "Ames Research Center is NASA's Center of Excellence for Information Technology," said Dr. Kenneth Ford, Ames' Associate Director for Information Technology. "We plan to work with Cisco in projects that may lead to significant technical, scientific and economic benefits for the parties involved as well as for the nation."


Slide98: CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE MICROSOFT CERTIFIED SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR & MICROSOFT CERIFIED SYSTEM ENGINEER


Slide102: Any Questions?


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