logging in or signing up Civil War; Continued, including Shiloh ctyndall Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1021 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: March 29, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Amateurs Go to War : Amateurs Go to War Chapter 3 Continued: The Soldiers : The Soldiers Young, single, white males No military experience Most farmers Native-born Union army-25% foreign born Native Americans estimated 400 women African-Americans : African-Americans Emancipation Proclamation-1863 Union mustered 180,000 African Americans Blacks in the Confederate ranks? 3 million-both armies by 1865 The Branches of the Army : The Branches of the Army Organization used by both armies: Infantry Artillery Cavalry Infantry largest branch Napoleonic tactics Not much different from Revolution Infantry : Infantry Most commonly designated unit… The regiment Volunteer units designated by number state 45th NC Vol. Regt. Composed of approx. 10 companies Company-100 men Slide 8: 48th NY Regiment on Parade at Fort Pulaski, GA Infantry : Infantry Numbers shrank- attrition/time Very small units end of war Company level officers elected men Regimental officers-chosen by officers Companies/regiments-filled locally acquaintances Army Organization : Army Organization 3-5 regiments formed Brigade Brigadier General 2-5 brigades formed division Major General Corps- 2 or more divisions Major general Army-2 or more corps Union-bodies of water Confederate- regions of land The Artillery : The Artillery Wide range 5% soldiers Firing and moving artillery difficult Quite dangerous Generally lower casualties 4-6 guns-battery 80-156 men The Cavalry : The Cavalry Horse-soldiers “eyes & ears” army reconnaissance 14% Union soldiers 20% Confederates Some acted as mounted infantry Expensive-maintain & Supply Confederates supplied own horses Slide 21: Cavalry never reached full potential during the Civil War. “Romance associated with the cavalry-several famous cavalry Leaders. Why did Men Enlist? : Why did Men Enlist? Confederates-protecting way of life “Yankee aggression” NOT defend slavery per se Most Union soldiers-not pro-Emancipation Nor for racial equality Love of Union/state or region Sense of duty/obligation Emotion of the moment Motivation to Enlist : Motivation to Enlist Men worried war end quickly Not see action “See the Elephant” Dramatic/perilous undertaking Facing the danger of combat “…fear the fighting would be over before I got into it.” Financial Motivation : Financial Motivation Northern Infantry/artillery $11 month Cavalry- $12 By 1864-all raised to $16 month Same rates- Confederates Raised to $18 by 1864 North offered enlistment bonuses Substitutes earned bonus War Strategy : War Strategy Lincoln’s chief military advisor Gen. Winfield Scott Massive siege Naval blockade Properly train & arm Union soldiers Use North’s industrial might “Anaconda Plan” Union Strategy : Union Strategy Press & public rejected Scott’s plan Wanted “real” fighting Decisive battle Union strategy-dramatic & decisive land battle Napoleonic “Annihilation” Irvin McDowell : Irvin McDowell Command North’s eastern army 42 yr old US Military Academy Graduate Experience-never led in battle Not drink, use tobacco Aloof, no sense humor Friends in high places Responsible defense Washington DC Battle of Bull Run : Battle of Bull Run June, 1861-thousands troops northern Virginia P.G.T. Beauregard-22,000 men Manassas, VA 25 miles SW DC 12,000 men –Joseph E. Johnston Union had 35,000- McDowell-Centreville, VA 18,000- Harpers Ferry, VA Battle of Bull Run : Battle of Bull Run Confederates expected Union advance Spies/Union newspapers July 18, 1861 skirmishing Johnston ordered to move men Boarded trains- 34 mile route RR issues-but played key role Slide 40: Gauge Issues in the South Bull Run : Bull Run July 21, 1861-fighting commences Gently, rolling farmland Variety uniforms/colors “green” soldiers Noise and chaos battle Hot and humid Food, water short supply Medical care non-existent Poor Union maps The first Battle : The first Battle Army command structure weak Inexperienced Veterans mentioned “deafening noise” Fear & excitement Not what expected Not like anything ever experienced Slide 43: Colonel Thomas Jackson- Legend of Stonewall Jackson “Rebel Yell” : “Rebel Yell” Eerie sound created great psychological effect-for both sides! Civilians : Civilians US Congressmen & Senators/families 25 mile journey Picnic baskets Binoculars Sunday outing This would end it all No idea what war really was Some captured Slide 46: President of the CSA- Jefferson Davis arrived Rode horse to the front Battle of Bull Run : Battle of Bull Run Union victory appeared imminent Jackson’s stand Fresh reinforcements Union full retreat Some in good order many panicked-fled towards DC Spectators mixed with fleeing troops Aftermath-First Bull Run : Aftermath-First Bull Run Union labeled: Bull Run Confederates-Manassas 3,000 Union casualties (kwc) less 2,000 CSA casualties Verify South had superior leaders & soldiers? Significance? : Significance? Psychological toll stereotype of robust manly South… Soft, impotent North Curbed war euphoria in North July 22-Congress increased call for 500,000 troops 6 months to 3 years max service “Dreadful disaster” Slide 51: Col. William T Sherman Bull Run was the “beginning of a long war.” Would the Union Survive? : Would the Union Survive? Was Washington, DC safe? New Leadership : New Leadership July 27, 1861-Lincoln appts. George B. McClellan George B. McClellan : George B. McClellan West Point grad PA native Civil engineer Mexican war vet Supreme confidence July 27-replaces McDowell Nov 1- general-in-chief US Army McClellan : McClellan Strengthen defenses capital Organize & train Improve morale Adept administrator Build & maintain army Won affection soldiers Bickered with military & civilian officials Slide 59: No enemy of slavery Not in favor of unduly punishing South McClellan will prove Paradox in coming months Foreign Relations : Foreign Relations Foreign Recognition : Foreign Recognition “Rebellions rarely succeed without foreign support” Post-Manassas-South sought foreign aid England/France Major power recognize independence… Compel North back off Foreign Diplomacy : Foreign Diplomacy Confederacy dispatched team Recognize CSA as an independent country England, France, Russia, Belgium Wary of rushing into crisis CSA diplomats inexperienced Numerous resignations Judah P. Benjamin- 3rd Sec of State “Cotton Diplomacy” : “Cotton Diplomacy” Cotton Diplomacy : Cotton Diplomacy Threat of cotton embargo Force European powers to support CSA effort English textile mills needed cotton? Southern cotton best in world Boycott never endorsed CSA government Many disagreed policy Cotton : Cotton European mills found other sources India, Turkish, Egyptian cotton Southern cotton loss minimized Cotton diplomacy ineffective Biggest obstacle for Foreign recognition of Confederacy? : Biggest obstacle for Foreign recognition of Confederacy? Slavery Recognition : Recognition Envoys to Spain, Vatican, Mexico Workers, manufacturers, merchants favored North Seen as more progressive, democratic Pushed view as “freedom fighters” Downplayed issue slavery English attitudes mixed Foreign Diplomacy : Foreign Diplomacy Victory Bull Run improved chances Hoped recognition or intervention (better) Charles Francis Adams-minister Great Britain Skilled diplomat Convinced England back off talks CSA Fall 1861-England & Europe watched & waited The Navy : The Navy New Technology : New Technology 1850’s great advances Steam engine Armored ships Improved armaments-rifled guns Underwater warfare New ordinance technology Mines, torpedoes Industrial capability-North great advantage Naval Technology : Naval Technology Ironclads Iron plating over wood ships Iron ram-prow South move first Defense for ports Attack Union blockaders Confederate navy innovative The Confederate Navy : The Confederate Navy 3,500 miles coastline 189 harbors Mississippi River- 1,000 miles Thousands of other miles-rivers Hampered by lack industrial capability Starting from “scratch” Jefferson Davis : Jefferson Davis Not strong navy advocate Doubted South’s ability create/man Favored privateers Pirates vs privateers? Helped lead to Union blockade efforts Stephen R. Mallory : Stephen R. Mallory CSA Secretary of Navy Floridian Resourceful Imaginative Create navy from scratch Small- formidable Highly innovative Futuristic technology Confederate Navy : Confederate Navy Competed against Army funds Never as popular Men preferred army Transferred soldiers High desertion Peak- 6,000 men 1864 South Captures Gosport Naval Yard : South Captures Gosport Naval Yard Gosport Navy Yard : Gosport Navy Yard Norfolk, VA Virginia seceded April 20, 1861 US Navy abandoned Ships, munitions, supplies US Navy evacuated burned & scuttled ships USS Merrimack : USS Merrimack Steam frigate Hull partly burned June 1861 converted ironclad Armor casemate 10 guns Iron ram Low profile CSS Virginia CSS Virginia : CSS Virginia Heavy iron armor Sloped armor Low in water Little superstructure Steam powered Very large/heavy Unwieldy Slow Got attention of US Navy US Navy : US Navy U.S. Navy : U.S. Navy Union had clear advantages Manpower Industrial capability Existing navy 90 ships/40 steamers 50 sailing vessels (old) Like CSA, competing with army for manpower Gideon Welles : Gideon Welles US Secretary of Navy Little navy experience Aided by Gustavus Fox Excellent assistant-made key decisions Recruited ship designers Built & updated ships 600 ships- 1865 Technology : Technology Constructed ironclads Ironclad gunboats for river usage USS Monitor- early 1862 John Ericsson Innovative/advanced design U.S.S. Monitor : U.S.S. Monitor U.S. Navy : U.S. Navy 7,600 sailors-1861 118,000 in 1865 Young, white, single males Naval crews more heterogeneous 55% sailors native-born Large number immigrants Many ships segregated Races compelled to live close ship’s quarters Better pay, provisions, medical care-than black soldiers Sailors : Sailors More plentiful food Less danger Less casualties Till 1862-2 glasses whiskey Everyday conditions at sea tough Hot, crowded, rat-infested Monotonous duty Blockade duty-most monotonous Battle of Hatteras Inlet : Battle of Hatteras Inlet NC in the War… Battle of Hatteras Inlet : Battle of Hatteras Inlet One US Navy’s first offensives Combined operation Both army & navy Hatteras Inlet targeted Troublesome area Haven for blockade runners/privateers Battle of Hatteras Inlet : Battle of Hatteras Inlet August 21, 1861 7 Union warships Naval bombardment Union troops landed 2 CSA forts Outgunned/poorly protected Surrendered 670; 35 cannon Hatteras Inlet : Hatteras Inlet Union lost 1 man Closed impt. Blockade runner outlet Psychological warfare Fear along NC coast Power of combined warfare Naval gun value Benjamin Butler : Benjamin Butler Chapter 4 : Chapter 4 The Scope of the War: 1861-1862 George McClellan : George McClellan The War in the East McClellan : McClellan Confident, able, promising leader Proving overly cautious Never had enough men Overestimated enemy strength Saw more formidable obstacles than were Resented politicians-irked by Lincoln “Little Mac” Lincoln and McClellan : Lincoln and McClellan Union War Board : Union War Board Authorized Lincoln March, 1862 Sec. of War- Edwin Stanton-Director Heads of bureaus of War Dept. Gave Lincoln & Stanton more control Bypass slow-moving generals Public outcry for action in the east Peninsula Campaign : Peninsula Campaign Strike at Richmond Lightly defended southern side Lead army up peninsula York & James Rivers Union controlled Fort Monroe Rebels abandoned Norfolk & Gosport Navy Yard Scuttled “Virginia” Looked like easy route to CSA capital Peninsula Campaign : Peninsula Campaign April, 1862 Union moves 100,000 men, 15,000 animals, 1,200 wagons Fort Monroe Field telegraph 15,000 rebel troops Moved cautiously Wasted precious time Weather turned against Thaddeus Lowe : Thaddeus Lowe Peninsula Campaign : Peninsula Campaign Heavy rains Muddy roads Flooded rivers CSA General Joseph Johnston 42, 000 men Federals approached 6 miles Richmond Seven Pines/Fair Oaks-May 31, 1862 Robert E. Lee : Robert E. Lee Johnston wounded President Davis orders new commander… Robert E Lee Army of Northern Virginia 1st army Lee commanded Most famous CSA army of war Joseph E. Johnston : Joseph E. Johnston Defense Richmond Wounded Fair Oaks Near front lines Warned Hit by 58 cal. Round shoulder Artillery burst Severe injuries-evacuated Richmond Lee Takes Command : Lee Takes Command Lee boosts army size Summons Stonewall Jackson’s 18,000 Operating Shenandoah Valley “foot cavalry” Tying up Union troops Fears for Washington, DC Legendary relationship forms Lasts less than 1 year Seven Days Battles : Seven Days Battles 2nd Union advance on Richmond June 25-July 1, 1862 Lee pounded Federals Bloody encounters Drove McClellan south & away Richmond Swampy, wooded area Lee had poor maps Unfamiliar with terrain Malvern Hill : Malvern Hill Lee sacrificed men Needless charges Massed Union artillery 5,000 casualties “It was not War…it was murder.” McClellan psychologically whipped Retreated to James River Saved most of army Slide 135: Union massed 40 cannon crest of hill Results : Results Staggering casualties Both sides learning how to kill better Federals: 1,700 dead, 8000 wounded, 6,000 captured “Victorious” CSA: 3,000 dead, 16,000 wounded, 1,000 POW South could NOT afford such “victories” Savage’s Station Casualty Fact: : Casualty Fact: When CSA had lower casualty numbers in battle; they incurred higher proportional losses than Union… Seven Days: : Seven Days: Significant political & moral victory for South. Lee saved the capital & possibly the CSA nation Put more pressure on Lincoln to do something more in the East… The War in the West : The War in the West Western Strategy Fighting in the West : Fighting in the West Western Strategy : Western Strategy Missouri & Kentucky Slave owning Never seceded CSA & Union high interest Several key early battles Secessionists & Unionist battled Union Strategy : Union Strategy Gain control KY rivers Waterways provide access into Southern territory CSA forts guarded 3 of main importance Cumberland, Tennessee, & Mississippi Forts Henry & Donelson : Forts Henry & Donelson 1st Union targets Protected Tennessee & Cumberland rivers Along northern northern border Tenn. Fort’s capture fell to… Gen. Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Grant : U.S. Grant West Point Mexican War Left army Farming Failed businesses rumors of alcohol Volunteered Illinois Quickly rose rank Forts Henry & Donelson : Forts Henry & Donelson Combined effort-navy & army Navy commanded- Andrew Foote 7 steam-powered gunboats 4 of these, ironclads Fort Henry-easy victory Fort Henry : Fort Henry Uncompleted Flooded Undermanned Union naval bombardment-Feb 6,1862 Grant’s 15,000 men 100 man garrison surrendered Foote sent flotilla into Alabama-damaged CSA properties Fort Donelson- Feb 12, 1862 : Fort Donelson- Feb 12, 1862 Grant- 27,000 men Marched east Foote’s ships to Ohio & Cumberland rivers CSA- 21,000 men Heavier artillery Damaged Foote’s ships Bitter cold weather Union suffered Fort Donelson : Fort Donelson Rebels broke Union line Feb 15 Failed to escape Gen. John Floyd-VA senior commander Feared execution Escaped across Cumberland river Nathan Bedford Forest-led cavalry away Surrender and a Legend : Surrender and a Legend Simon Buckner left West point graduate-army friend Grant Grant “unconditional surrender” Immediate surrender 15,000 prisoners 65 cannon 20,000 muskets Northern media loved it U.S. Grant “Unconditional Surrender” : U.S. Grant “Unconditional Surrender” Union Gains : Union Gains Stunned Confederate nation Kentucky lost Western & central Tenn. Vulnerable Northern Alabama, Georgia, Miss. Exposed Penetrated CSA heartland Key towns-Memphis, Nashville, Macon, and Montgomery threatened Post-Donelson : Post-Donelson Nashville, TN abandoned Vital RR junction 2 gunpowder mills Factories-cannon, muskets, uniforms, percussion caps Foodstuffs, livestock Eastern TN-region most loyal to Union remained Important victory for Union Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing) : Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing) Shiloh : Shiloh Sunday April 6, 1862 Same time as Peninsula Campaign 42,000 Union troops under U.S. Grant South along Tenn. River Nearly to Miss.line Supply & communication lines vulnerable CSA planned raid these lines Shiloh : Shiloh Albert S. Johnston : Albert S. Johnston 1803-1862 Career US Army US Military Academy Mexican War Highly thought of Jefferson Davis Highest ranking Confederate general killed Shiloh : Shiloh Grant’s 42,000 camped west of Tenn. River Pittsburg Landing Shiloh Methodist Church nearby Johnston pulled 44,000 troops together Daybreak attacked surprised Federals “rebel yell” Shiloh : Shiloh CSA assaults pushed Yankees back 4 mile front Heavily wooded, ravines, creeks Regiments & brigades entangled Battle lines uneven Some men scavenged Many inexperienced troops-both sides 8 out of 10, both sides-no combat CSA-not eaten 24 hrs Health : Health Both sides suffered Cold, wet weather Dysentery “Tennessee Two-Step” CSA troops called Evacuation of Corinth” Frequent sickness Weakened & killed Shiloh : Shiloh 62 massed CSA cannon Terrible din Many federals broke 2,500 held in sunken road-wagon trace Defensive line “Hornet’s Nest” fierce fighting Heroic stand saved day Shiloh : Shiloh Grant arrived battle 25,000 reinforcements 2 Union gunboats CSA desperately attacked Lost momentum Death of commander Slide 173: Union defenders in Sunken road repulsed 11 CSA assaults Wounding of Johnston : Wounding of Johnston Leading troops in attacks 2:30 PM bullet slammed behind rt. Knee Able to ride Physician sent to aid wounded federals Clipped popliteal artery Boot filled with blood Nearly fainted off horse Taken to ravine-bled to death Death of A.S. Johnston : Death of A.S. Johnston Nerve damage-dueling Probable shot by Confederate Why? Highest ranking casualty either side Strong blow to Southern morale Tourniquet saved? Shiloh : Shiloh Action resumed April 7 Numerically superior federals CSA forced to retreat After another bout combat Battle ends Johnny Shiloh : Johnny Shiloh 10 yr old John Clem Drummer boy 12th Mich. Regt. Slide 183: Bloody Pond William T. Sherman : William T. Sherman Wounded 2x 3 horses shot from beneath Grant : Grant Slept outside in rain under Tree…escape screams of Wounded men at HQ Costly victory Relieved of command Rumor of drinking Resign? Aftermath : Aftermath Largest, bloodiest CSA- 10,700 casualties Union- 12,500 200 bodies within single acre Overcrowded hospitals Amputations Mass graves Aftermath : Aftermath Long & bloody war Solidified Union dominance of West Encouraged Union Discouraged South Conscription: : Conscription: Fielding enough men Confederate Conscription : Confederate Conscription Spring, 1862 CSA armies shrinking Reasons for decline? Battlefield casualties Sickness & disease Desertion Expired enlistments Carnage of war sobered enthusiasm : Carnage of war sobered enthusiasm Patriotic fervor & visions of martial valor….faded… Slide 191: Volunteers of 1861- enlisted 6 -12 months duty Spring, 1862 terms expiring Obligation fulfilled… Return home Confederate Conscription : Confederate Conscription Jefferson Davis pressured CSA Congress Passed 2 laws One extended enlistments Duration of war All able-bodied men 18-35 serve in army 3 year term Slide 193: Unprecedented First draft in American history First Confederate Conscription Act: April 16, 1862 : First Confederate Conscription Act: April 16, 1862 Potential departure thousands of men would have depleted army Federals had won western victories & had momentum Draft needed to save Confederacy Reaction? : Reaction? Large numbers complained Extended enlistments unhappy Present situation? Unionists didn’t support secession State’s rights? Individual rights? Conscription Provisions : Conscription Provisions Occupations exempted Teachers, artisans, government officials Necessary war effort Exemption clauses angered many Substitution- draftee avoid service Finding/hiring someone take place Favor wealthy? State’s Rights : State’s Rights Governor’s NC & Georgia vowed… Ignore the law “strikes down sovereignty of states” Paradox of the CSA “to preserve itself, South seemed to destroy principles fighting for…” Provisions : Provisions One white male exempted … Plantations with 20-more slaves Why? Preferential treatment of wealthy? “rich man’s war… And a poor man’s fight.” Slide 200: Nearly ½ of those eligible Failed to sign-up… Northern Conscription : Northern Conscription Conscription : Conscription Northern enlistments faltered March, 1863 Congress passed conscription act 20-45 yrs of age No occupation exemptions Draftees could avoid service… Substitution : Substitution Find substitute Prove had dependents Pay $300.00 to government Annual wage unskilled laborer Thousands escaped military service middle./upper class Northern Protests : Northern Protests Over 160,000 refused to report duty’ 1/5 draftees Others entered- deserted Many fled home communities 30,000 to Canada Opposition : Opposition Democrats opposed service Men of Southern heritage Many had no care-no care to serve/die Abuse of national power Commutation fee angered working class 7% Union army draftees 9% substitutes CSA- 10% draftees 11% substitutes Immigrants : Immigrants 10’s of thousands immigrants served 25% Union forces Tended to be poor, ill-educated Applied for citizenship Not want to be told MUST serve Protests and draft resistance Draft resistance and riots… : Draft resistance and riots… Congress repeals commutation feed in 1864 July 13-15 1863 NYC “Draft Riot.” You do not have the permission to view this presentation. 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Civil War; Continued, including Shiloh ctyndall Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: (To copy code, click on the text box) Embed: URL: Thumbnail: WordPress Embed Customize Embed The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 1021 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (0) Dislike it (0) Added: March 29, 2010 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 0 Presentation Description No description available. Comments Posting comment... Premium member Presentation Transcript Amateurs Go to War : Amateurs Go to War Chapter 3 Continued: The Soldiers : The Soldiers Young, single, white males No military experience Most farmers Native-born Union army-25% foreign born Native Americans estimated 400 women African-Americans : African-Americans Emancipation Proclamation-1863 Union mustered 180,000 African Americans Blacks in the Confederate ranks? 3 million-both armies by 1865 The Branches of the Army : The Branches of the Army Organization used by both armies: Infantry Artillery Cavalry Infantry largest branch Napoleonic tactics Not much different from Revolution Infantry : Infantry Most commonly designated unit… The regiment Volunteer units designated by number state 45th NC Vol. Regt. Composed of approx. 10 companies Company-100 men Slide 8: 48th NY Regiment on Parade at Fort Pulaski, GA Infantry : Infantry Numbers shrank- attrition/time Very small units end of war Company level officers elected men Regimental officers-chosen by officers Companies/regiments-filled locally acquaintances Army Organization : Army Organization 3-5 regiments formed Brigade Brigadier General 2-5 brigades formed division Major General Corps- 2 or more divisions Major general Army-2 or more corps Union-bodies of water Confederate- regions of land The Artillery : The Artillery Wide range 5% soldiers Firing and moving artillery difficult Quite dangerous Generally lower casualties 4-6 guns-battery 80-156 men The Cavalry : The Cavalry Horse-soldiers “eyes & ears” army reconnaissance 14% Union soldiers 20% Confederates Some acted as mounted infantry Expensive-maintain & Supply Confederates supplied own horses Slide 21: Cavalry never reached full potential during the Civil War. “Romance associated with the cavalry-several famous cavalry Leaders. Why did Men Enlist? : Why did Men Enlist? Confederates-protecting way of life “Yankee aggression” NOT defend slavery per se Most Union soldiers-not pro-Emancipation Nor for racial equality Love of Union/state or region Sense of duty/obligation Emotion of the moment Motivation to Enlist : Motivation to Enlist Men worried war end quickly Not see action “See the Elephant” Dramatic/perilous undertaking Facing the danger of combat “…fear the fighting would be over before I got into it.” Financial Motivation : Financial Motivation Northern Infantry/artillery $11 month Cavalry- $12 By 1864-all raised to $16 month Same rates- Confederates Raised to $18 by 1864 North offered enlistment bonuses Substitutes earned bonus War Strategy : War Strategy Lincoln’s chief military advisor Gen. Winfield Scott Massive siege Naval blockade Properly train & arm Union soldiers Use North’s industrial might “Anaconda Plan” Union Strategy : Union Strategy Press & public rejected Scott’s plan Wanted “real” fighting Decisive battle Union strategy-dramatic & decisive land battle Napoleonic “Annihilation” Irvin McDowell : Irvin McDowell Command North’s eastern army 42 yr old US Military Academy Graduate Experience-never led in battle Not drink, use tobacco Aloof, no sense humor Friends in high places Responsible defense Washington DC Battle of Bull Run : Battle of Bull Run June, 1861-thousands troops northern Virginia P.G.T. Beauregard-22,000 men Manassas, VA 25 miles SW DC 12,000 men –Joseph E. Johnston Union had 35,000- McDowell-Centreville, VA 18,000- Harpers Ferry, VA Battle of Bull Run : Battle of Bull Run Confederates expected Union advance Spies/Union newspapers July 18, 1861 skirmishing Johnston ordered to move men Boarded trains- 34 mile route RR issues-but played key role Slide 40: Gauge Issues in the South Bull Run : Bull Run July 21, 1861-fighting commences Gently, rolling farmland Variety uniforms/colors “green” soldiers Noise and chaos battle Hot and humid Food, water short supply Medical care non-existent Poor Union maps The first Battle : The first Battle Army command structure weak Inexperienced Veterans mentioned “deafening noise” Fear & excitement Not what expected Not like anything ever experienced Slide 43: Colonel Thomas Jackson- Legend of Stonewall Jackson “Rebel Yell” : “Rebel Yell” Eerie sound created great psychological effect-for both sides! Civilians : Civilians US Congressmen & Senators/families 25 mile journey Picnic baskets Binoculars Sunday outing This would end it all No idea what war really was Some captured Slide 46: President of the CSA- Jefferson Davis arrived Rode horse to the front Battle of Bull Run : Battle of Bull Run Union victory appeared imminent Jackson’s stand Fresh reinforcements Union full retreat Some in good order many panicked-fled towards DC Spectators mixed with fleeing troops Aftermath-First Bull Run : Aftermath-First Bull Run Union labeled: Bull Run Confederates-Manassas 3,000 Union casualties (kwc) less 2,000 CSA casualties Verify South had superior leaders & soldiers? Significance? : Significance? Psychological toll stereotype of robust manly South… Soft, impotent North Curbed war euphoria in North July 22-Congress increased call for 500,000 troops 6 months to 3 years max service “Dreadful disaster” Slide 51: Col. William T Sherman Bull Run was the “beginning of a long war.” Would the Union Survive? : Would the Union Survive? Was Washington, DC safe? New Leadership : New Leadership July 27, 1861-Lincoln appts. George B. McClellan George B. McClellan : George B. McClellan West Point grad PA native Civil engineer Mexican war vet Supreme confidence July 27-replaces McDowell Nov 1- general-in-chief US Army McClellan : McClellan Strengthen defenses capital Organize & train Improve morale Adept administrator Build & maintain army Won affection soldiers Bickered with military & civilian officials Slide 59: No enemy of slavery Not in favor of unduly punishing South McClellan will prove Paradox in coming months Foreign Relations : Foreign Relations Foreign Recognition : Foreign Recognition “Rebellions rarely succeed without foreign support” Post-Manassas-South sought foreign aid England/France Major power recognize independence… Compel North back off Foreign Diplomacy : Foreign Diplomacy Confederacy dispatched team Recognize CSA as an independent country England, France, Russia, Belgium Wary of rushing into crisis CSA diplomats inexperienced Numerous resignations Judah P. Benjamin- 3rd Sec of State “Cotton Diplomacy” : “Cotton Diplomacy” Cotton Diplomacy : Cotton Diplomacy Threat of cotton embargo Force European powers to support CSA effort English textile mills needed cotton? Southern cotton best in world Boycott never endorsed CSA government Many disagreed policy Cotton : Cotton European mills found other sources India, Turkish, Egyptian cotton Southern cotton loss minimized Cotton diplomacy ineffective Biggest obstacle for Foreign recognition of Confederacy? : Biggest obstacle for Foreign recognition of Confederacy? Slavery Recognition : Recognition Envoys to Spain, Vatican, Mexico Workers, manufacturers, merchants favored North Seen as more progressive, democratic Pushed view as “freedom fighters” Downplayed issue slavery English attitudes mixed Foreign Diplomacy : Foreign Diplomacy Victory Bull Run improved chances Hoped recognition or intervention (better) Charles Francis Adams-minister Great Britain Skilled diplomat Convinced England back off talks CSA Fall 1861-England & Europe watched & waited The Navy : The Navy New Technology : New Technology 1850’s great advances Steam engine Armored ships Improved armaments-rifled guns Underwater warfare New ordinance technology Mines, torpedoes Industrial capability-North great advantage Naval Technology : Naval Technology Ironclads Iron plating over wood ships Iron ram-prow South move first Defense for ports Attack Union blockaders Confederate navy innovative The Confederate Navy : The Confederate Navy 3,500 miles coastline 189 harbors Mississippi River- 1,000 miles Thousands of other miles-rivers Hampered by lack industrial capability Starting from “scratch” Jefferson Davis : Jefferson Davis Not strong navy advocate Doubted South’s ability create/man Favored privateers Pirates vs privateers? Helped lead to Union blockade efforts Stephen R. Mallory : Stephen R. Mallory CSA Secretary of Navy Floridian Resourceful Imaginative Create navy from scratch Small- formidable Highly innovative Futuristic technology Confederate Navy : Confederate Navy Competed against Army funds Never as popular Men preferred army Transferred soldiers High desertion Peak- 6,000 men 1864 South Captures Gosport Naval Yard : South Captures Gosport Naval Yard Gosport Navy Yard : Gosport Navy Yard Norfolk, VA Virginia seceded April 20, 1861 US Navy abandoned Ships, munitions, supplies US Navy evacuated burned & scuttled ships USS Merrimack : USS Merrimack Steam frigate Hull partly burned June 1861 converted ironclad Armor casemate 10 guns Iron ram Low profile CSS Virginia CSS Virginia : CSS Virginia Heavy iron armor Sloped armor Low in water Little superstructure Steam powered Very large/heavy Unwieldy Slow Got attention of US Navy US Navy : US Navy U.S. Navy : U.S. Navy Union had clear advantages Manpower Industrial capability Existing navy 90 ships/40 steamers 50 sailing vessels (old) Like CSA, competing with army for manpower Gideon Welles : Gideon Welles US Secretary of Navy Little navy experience Aided by Gustavus Fox Excellent assistant-made key decisions Recruited ship designers Built & updated ships 600 ships- 1865 Technology : Technology Constructed ironclads Ironclad gunboats for river usage USS Monitor- early 1862 John Ericsson Innovative/advanced design U.S.S. Monitor : U.S.S. Monitor U.S. Navy : U.S. Navy 7,600 sailors-1861 118,000 in 1865 Young, white, single males Naval crews more heterogeneous 55% sailors native-born Large number immigrants Many ships segregated Races compelled to live close ship’s quarters Better pay, provisions, medical care-than black soldiers Sailors : Sailors More plentiful food Less danger Less casualties Till 1862-2 glasses whiskey Everyday conditions at sea tough Hot, crowded, rat-infested Monotonous duty Blockade duty-most monotonous Battle of Hatteras Inlet : Battle of Hatteras Inlet NC in the War… Battle of Hatteras Inlet : Battle of Hatteras Inlet One US Navy’s first offensives Combined operation Both army & navy Hatteras Inlet targeted Troublesome area Haven for blockade runners/privateers Battle of Hatteras Inlet : Battle of Hatteras Inlet August 21, 1861 7 Union warships Naval bombardment Union troops landed 2 CSA forts Outgunned/poorly protected Surrendered 670; 35 cannon Hatteras Inlet : Hatteras Inlet Union lost 1 man Closed impt. Blockade runner outlet Psychological warfare Fear along NC coast Power of combined warfare Naval gun value Benjamin Butler : Benjamin Butler Chapter 4 : Chapter 4 The Scope of the War: 1861-1862 George McClellan : George McClellan The War in the East McClellan : McClellan Confident, able, promising leader Proving overly cautious Never had enough men Overestimated enemy strength Saw more formidable obstacles than were Resented politicians-irked by Lincoln “Little Mac” Lincoln and McClellan : Lincoln and McClellan Union War Board : Union War Board Authorized Lincoln March, 1862 Sec. of War- Edwin Stanton-Director Heads of bureaus of War Dept. Gave Lincoln & Stanton more control Bypass slow-moving generals Public outcry for action in the east Peninsula Campaign : Peninsula Campaign Strike at Richmond Lightly defended southern side Lead army up peninsula York & James Rivers Union controlled Fort Monroe Rebels abandoned Norfolk & Gosport Navy Yard Scuttled “Virginia” Looked like easy route to CSA capital Peninsula Campaign : Peninsula Campaign April, 1862 Union moves 100,000 men, 15,000 animals, 1,200 wagons Fort Monroe Field telegraph 15,000 rebel troops Moved cautiously Wasted precious time Weather turned against Thaddeus Lowe : Thaddeus Lowe Peninsula Campaign : Peninsula Campaign Heavy rains Muddy roads Flooded rivers CSA General Joseph Johnston 42, 000 men Federals approached 6 miles Richmond Seven Pines/Fair Oaks-May 31, 1862 Robert E. Lee : Robert E. Lee Johnston wounded President Davis orders new commander… Robert E Lee Army of Northern Virginia 1st army Lee commanded Most famous CSA army of war Joseph E. Johnston : Joseph E. Johnston Defense Richmond Wounded Fair Oaks Near front lines Warned Hit by 58 cal. Round shoulder Artillery burst Severe injuries-evacuated Richmond Lee Takes Command : Lee Takes Command Lee boosts army size Summons Stonewall Jackson’s 18,000 Operating Shenandoah Valley “foot cavalry” Tying up Union troops Fears for Washington, DC Legendary relationship forms Lasts less than 1 year Seven Days Battles : Seven Days Battles 2nd Union advance on Richmond June 25-July 1, 1862 Lee pounded Federals Bloody encounters Drove McClellan south & away Richmond Swampy, wooded area Lee had poor maps Unfamiliar with terrain Malvern Hill : Malvern Hill Lee sacrificed men Needless charges Massed Union artillery 5,000 casualties “It was not War…it was murder.” McClellan psychologically whipped Retreated to James River Saved most of army Slide 135: Union massed 40 cannon crest of hill Results : Results Staggering casualties Both sides learning how to kill better Federals: 1,700 dead, 8000 wounded, 6,000 captured “Victorious” CSA: 3,000 dead, 16,000 wounded, 1,000 POW South could NOT afford such “victories” Savage’s Station Casualty Fact: : Casualty Fact: When CSA had lower casualty numbers in battle; they incurred higher proportional losses than Union… Seven Days: : Seven Days: Significant political & moral victory for South. Lee saved the capital & possibly the CSA nation Put more pressure on Lincoln to do something more in the East… The War in the West : The War in the West Western Strategy Fighting in the West : Fighting in the West Western Strategy : Western Strategy Missouri & Kentucky Slave owning Never seceded CSA & Union high interest Several key early battles Secessionists & Unionist battled Union Strategy : Union Strategy Gain control KY rivers Waterways provide access into Southern territory CSA forts guarded 3 of main importance Cumberland, Tennessee, & Mississippi Forts Henry & Donelson : Forts Henry & Donelson 1st Union targets Protected Tennessee & Cumberland rivers Along northern northern border Tenn. Fort’s capture fell to… Gen. Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Grant : U.S. Grant West Point Mexican War Left army Farming Failed businesses rumors of alcohol Volunteered Illinois Quickly rose rank Forts Henry & Donelson : Forts Henry & Donelson Combined effort-navy & army Navy commanded- Andrew Foote 7 steam-powered gunboats 4 of these, ironclads Fort Henry-easy victory Fort Henry : Fort Henry Uncompleted Flooded Undermanned Union naval bombardment-Feb 6,1862 Grant’s 15,000 men 100 man garrison surrendered Foote sent flotilla into Alabama-damaged CSA properties Fort Donelson- Feb 12, 1862 : Fort Donelson- Feb 12, 1862 Grant- 27,000 men Marched east Foote’s ships to Ohio & Cumberland rivers CSA- 21,000 men Heavier artillery Damaged Foote’s ships Bitter cold weather Union suffered Fort Donelson : Fort Donelson Rebels broke Union line Feb 15 Failed to escape Gen. John Floyd-VA senior commander Feared execution Escaped across Cumberland river Nathan Bedford Forest-led cavalry away Surrender and a Legend : Surrender and a Legend Simon Buckner left West point graduate-army friend Grant Grant “unconditional surrender” Immediate surrender 15,000 prisoners 65 cannon 20,000 muskets Northern media loved it U.S. Grant “Unconditional Surrender” : U.S. Grant “Unconditional Surrender” Union Gains : Union Gains Stunned Confederate nation Kentucky lost Western & central Tenn. Vulnerable Northern Alabama, Georgia, Miss. Exposed Penetrated CSA heartland Key towns-Memphis, Nashville, Macon, and Montgomery threatened Post-Donelson : Post-Donelson Nashville, TN abandoned Vital RR junction 2 gunpowder mills Factories-cannon, muskets, uniforms, percussion caps Foodstuffs, livestock Eastern TN-region most loyal to Union remained Important victory for Union Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing) : Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing) Shiloh : Shiloh Sunday April 6, 1862 Same time as Peninsula Campaign 42,000 Union troops under U.S. Grant South along Tenn. River Nearly to Miss.line Supply & communication lines vulnerable CSA planned raid these lines Shiloh : Shiloh Albert S. Johnston : Albert S. Johnston 1803-1862 Career US Army US Military Academy Mexican War Highly thought of Jefferson Davis Highest ranking Confederate general killed Shiloh : Shiloh Grant’s 42,000 camped west of Tenn. River Pittsburg Landing Shiloh Methodist Church nearby Johnston pulled 44,000 troops together Daybreak attacked surprised Federals “rebel yell” Shiloh : Shiloh CSA assaults pushed Yankees back 4 mile front Heavily wooded, ravines, creeks Regiments & brigades entangled Battle lines uneven Some men scavenged Many inexperienced troops-both sides 8 out of 10, both sides-no combat CSA-not eaten 24 hrs Health : Health Both sides suffered Cold, wet weather Dysentery “Tennessee Two-Step” CSA troops called Evacuation of Corinth” Frequent sickness Weakened & killed Shiloh : Shiloh 62 massed CSA cannon Terrible din Many federals broke 2,500 held in sunken road-wagon trace Defensive line “Hornet’s Nest” fierce fighting Heroic stand saved day Shiloh : Shiloh Grant arrived battle 25,000 reinforcements 2 Union gunboats CSA desperately attacked Lost momentum Death of commander Slide 173: Union defenders in Sunken road repulsed 11 CSA assaults Wounding of Johnston : Wounding of Johnston Leading troops in attacks 2:30 PM bullet slammed behind rt. Knee Able to ride Physician sent to aid wounded federals Clipped popliteal artery Boot filled with blood Nearly fainted off horse Taken to ravine-bled to death Death of A.S. Johnston : Death of A.S. Johnston Nerve damage-dueling Probable shot by Confederate Why? Highest ranking casualty either side Strong blow to Southern morale Tourniquet saved? Shiloh : Shiloh Action resumed April 7 Numerically superior federals CSA forced to retreat After another bout combat Battle ends Johnny Shiloh : Johnny Shiloh 10 yr old John Clem Drummer boy 12th Mich. Regt. Slide 183: Bloody Pond William T. Sherman : William T. Sherman Wounded 2x 3 horses shot from beneath Grant : Grant Slept outside in rain under Tree…escape screams of Wounded men at HQ Costly victory Relieved of command Rumor of drinking Resign? Aftermath : Aftermath Largest, bloodiest CSA- 10,700 casualties Union- 12,500 200 bodies within single acre Overcrowded hospitals Amputations Mass graves Aftermath : Aftermath Long & bloody war Solidified Union dominance of West Encouraged Union Discouraged South Conscription: : Conscription: Fielding enough men Confederate Conscription : Confederate Conscription Spring, 1862 CSA armies shrinking Reasons for decline? Battlefield casualties Sickness & disease Desertion Expired enlistments Carnage of war sobered enthusiasm : Carnage of war sobered enthusiasm Patriotic fervor & visions of martial valor….faded… Slide 191: Volunteers of 1861- enlisted 6 -12 months duty Spring, 1862 terms expiring Obligation fulfilled… Return home Confederate Conscription : Confederate Conscription Jefferson Davis pressured CSA Congress Passed 2 laws One extended enlistments Duration of war All able-bodied men 18-35 serve in army 3 year term Slide 193: Unprecedented First draft in American history First Confederate Conscription Act: April 16, 1862 : First Confederate Conscription Act: April 16, 1862 Potential departure thousands of men would have depleted army Federals had won western victories & had momentum Draft needed to save Confederacy Reaction? : Reaction? Large numbers complained Extended enlistments unhappy Present situation? Unionists didn’t support secession State’s rights? Individual rights? Conscription Provisions : Conscription Provisions Occupations exempted Teachers, artisans, government officials Necessary war effort Exemption clauses angered many Substitution- draftee avoid service Finding/hiring someone take place Favor wealthy? State’s Rights : State’s Rights Governor’s NC & Georgia vowed… Ignore the law “strikes down sovereignty of states” Paradox of the CSA “to preserve itself, South seemed to destroy principles fighting for…” Provisions : Provisions One white male exempted … Plantations with 20-more slaves Why? Preferential treatment of wealthy? “rich man’s war… And a poor man’s fight.” Slide 200: Nearly ½ of those eligible Failed to sign-up… Northern Conscription : Northern Conscription Conscription : Conscription Northern enlistments faltered March, 1863 Congress passed conscription act 20-45 yrs of age No occupation exemptions Draftees could avoid service… Substitution : Substitution Find substitute Prove had dependents Pay $300.00 to government Annual wage unskilled laborer Thousands escaped military service middle./upper class Northern Protests : Northern Protests Over 160,000 refused to report duty’ 1/5 draftees Others entered- deserted Many fled home communities 30,000 to Canada Opposition : Opposition Democrats opposed service Men of Southern heritage Many had no care-no care to serve/die Abuse of national power Commutation fee angered working class 7% Union army draftees 9% substitutes CSA- 10% draftees 11% substitutes Immigrants : Immigrants 10’s of thousands immigrants served 25% Union forces Tended to be poor, ill-educated Applied for citizenship Not want to be told MUST serve Protests and draft resistance Draft resistance and riots… : Draft resistance and riots… Congress repeals commutation feed in 1864 July 13-15 1863 NYC “Draft Riot.”