Classification (src)

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Did you ever collect stamps?

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Sorting can be done in various ways: Country Age Topic

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Why do humans classify all kind of things? If things are useful the classification becomes more detailed and more exact

The !Kung: 

The !Kung The !Kung are hunter gatherers , adapting to their semi-arid environment by gathering roots, berries, fruits, and nuts that they gather from the desert, and from the meat provided by the hunters. Why is it important to have detailed knowledge about plant and animal species?

Knowledge: 

Knowledge Both women and men possess a remarkable knowledge of the many edible foods available, and of the medicinal and toxic properties of different species . Every part of the animal is used; hides are tanned for blankets and bones are cracked for the marrow.

Jewish Dietary Laws : 

Jewish Dietary Laws Only domesticated fowl such as chicken, turkey, quail and geese may be eaten. Birds of prey and scavenger birds, such as eagles, hawks and vultures, are prohibited (Lev. 11:13-19; Deut. 14:11-18). Only seafood with fins and scales are kosher. This rules out calimari and octopus and all shellfish, such as crab, lobster, clams. Sturgeon and shellfish have also been added to the list, as their scales are questionable. (Num. 11:22). No insects may be eaten (Lev. 11:12). The Torah allows for certain exceptions, but since the rabbis have not been able to determine which these are, all have been forbidden.

Classification: 

Classification How did humans start classifying plants and animals? Using simple characteristics often wrong from a biological point of view!

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms Mention two ways to improve this schedule? Animals schould be vertebrates and the sequence should start with fish !

Aristotle: 

Aristotle The known system of classifying forms of life comes from the Greek philosopher Aristotle , who classified all living organisms known at that time as either a plant or an animal. He further classified animals based on their means of transportation (air, land, or water).

Averroes: 

Averroes In 1172 Ibn Rushd ( Averroes), who was a judge (Qadi) in Seville, translated and abridged Aristotle's book de Anima ( On the Soul ) into Arabic. His original commentary is now lost, but its translation into Latin by Michael Scot survives.

Conrad von Gesner: 

Conrad von Gesner An important advance was made by the Swiss professor, Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565). Gesner's work was a critical compilation of life known at the time.

Carolus Linnaeus ( 1707–1778): 

Carolus Linnaeus ( 1707–1778) His great work, the Systema Naturae , ran through twelve editions during his lifetime (1st ed. 1735). In this work, nature was divided into three kingdoms: mineral, vegetable and animal .

Binomial nomenclature : 

Binomial nomenclature The essence of this system of naming is this: each species name is formed out of Latin, and has two parts, the Genus name and the species name , for example, Panthera pardus. Biologists prefer to use the term scientific name Names are often derived from ancient Greek word roots, or words from numerous other languages.

A new approach: 

A new approach Linnaeus used five ranks: class, order, genus, species, and variety. Whereas Linnaeus classified for ease of identification , it is now generally accepted that classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent .

Some trees are better: 

Some trees are better

Homology: 

Homology Homologous organs show the common descent clearly.

Taxonomy: 

Taxonomy A taxon ( plural: taxa ) is a group of (one or more) organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement.

Cladograms: 

Cladograms Since the 1960s a trend called cladistic taxonomy has emerged, arranging taxa in an evolutionary tree. If a taxon includes all the descendants of some ancestral form, it is called monophyletic , as opposed to paraphyletic . Do you expect birds to be monophyletic? Do you expect invertebrates to be paraphyletic? yes yes

Other groups are called polyphyletic: 

Other groups are called polyphyletic Polyphyletic taxon :  A group composed of a collection of organisms in which the most recent common ancestor of all the included organisms is not included. Polyphyletic taxa are considered " unnatural ", and usually are reclassified once they are discovered to be polyphyletic. Examples : marine mammals, bipedal mammals, flying vertebrates, trees, and algae

What kinds of evidence are phylogenetic trees typically based on? : 

What kinds of evidence are phylogenetic trees typically based on? Types of evidence: morphology of modern organisms and cells biochemistry of modern organisms fossil record

Making of a cladogram: 

Making of a cladogram

Two hypotheses: 

Two hypotheses Where did multicellularity evolve and how many times? Which of the two trees above is a simpler explanation?

Another one: 

Another one Where did a the eukaryotic condition evolve and how many times? Which of the two trees above is a simpler explanation?

Galapagos finches: 

Galapagos finches DNA research affirmed the relation between the different species

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Where does a penguin belong? here here here here here Where does a mushroom belong? Where does a Streptococcus belong? Where does an arsenic bacterium belong? Where does a Amoeba belong?

Key terms: 

Key terms biological classification binomial nomenclature common descent homology taxon cladogram monophyletic paraphyletic morphology biochemistry (DNA) fossil record six Kingdoms