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See all Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Chapter 9 INTRODUCTION TO STEREOCHEMISTRY Slide 2: Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but not identical structures Slide 3: Constitutional isomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are connected Slide 4: Constitutional Isomers Constitutional isomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are connected Slide 5: Drawing Constitutional or Structural Isomers of Alkanes Example 8.4 Write all the constitutional isomers having the molecular formula C6H14 Slide 6: Example 8.4 Write all the constitutional isomers having the molecular formula C6H14 Slide 7: Example 8.4 Write all the constitutional isomers having the molecular formula C6H14 Slide 8: Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula, maintain the same connectivity, but differ in the way their atoms are arranged in space Slide 9: Conformational isomers (or conformers or rotational isomers or rotamers) are stereoisomers produced by rotation about single bonds, and are often rapidly interconverting at room temperature Slide 10: Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Conformations of Ethane ethane Staggered conformation of ethane Eclipsed conformation of ethane Sawhorse Representation Sawhorse Representation Newman Projection Newman Projection Slide 11: ethane Staggered conformation of ethane Eclipsed conformation of ethane Sawhorse Representation Sawhorse Representation Newman Projection Newman Projection Slide 12: Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Conformations of Butane butane Staggered conformation of butane Eclipsed conformation of butane Slide 13: Staggered conformation of butane Eclipsed conformation of butane Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Slide 14: Configurational Isomers are stereoisomers that do not readily interconvert at room temperature and can (in principle at least) be separated. Slide 15: Geometric isomers are configurational isomers that differ in the spatial position around a bond with restricted rotation (e.g. a double bond): Slide 16: Geometric (Cis and Trans) Isomers Geometric (Cis and Trans) Isomers result from restriction rotation Compounds with double bonds cis isomer – have same substituents on the same side of the double bond (= Z with more complex molecules having high priority groups on the same side) trans isomer – have the same substituents on the opposite side of the double bond (= E with more complex molecules having high priority groups on opposite sides) Compounds with bonds in a ring: cis isomer – have the same substituents on the same side of the ring trans isomer - have the same substituents on the opposite side of the ring Slide 17: Cis-trans (Geometric) isomerism in Alkenes cis-1,2-dichloroethene trans-1,2-dichloroethene (E)-1,2-dichloroethene (Z)-1,2-dichloroethene Slide 18: Cis-trans (Geometric) isomerism in Alkenes 1,1-dichloroethene *If one of the two carbon atoms of the double bond has two identical substituents, there are no cis-trans isomers for that molecule Slide 19: Identifying cis and trans isomers of Alkenes Example 11.3 Two isomers of 2-butene are shown below. Which is the cis isomer and which is the trans isomer cis-2-butene trans-2-butene Slide 20: Naming cis and trans compounds Example 11.4 Name the following geometric isomers. trans-3,4-dichloro-3-heptene cis-3,4-dimethyl-3-octene Slide 21: Identifying Geometric Isomers Example 11.5 Determine whether each of the following molecules can exist as cis-trans isomers: 1-pentene 3-ethyl-3-hexene 3-methyl-2-pentene 1-pentene 3-ethyl-3-hexene cis-3-methyl-2-pentene trans-3-methyl-2-pentene Slide 22: cis-9-octadecenoic acid Cis and Trans Fatty Acids trans-9-octadecenoic acid Slide 23: Cis and Trans Fatty Acids Slide 24: Cis-trans (Geometric) isomerism in Cycloalkanes Cis-trans isomers are molecules having the same arrangement of atoms but differ in the spatial orientation of their substituents. cis-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane Slide 25: Naming cis-trans Isomers of Substituted Cycloalkanes Example 10.6 Determine whether the following susbstituted cycloalkanes are cis or trans isomers. trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane Slide 26: Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Conformations of Cyclohexane cyclohexane Chair conformation of cyclohexane Boat conformation of cyclohexane Slide 27: Chair conformation of cyclohexane Boat conformation of cyclohexane Slide 28: Chair-Chair Interconversion Slide 29: Optical isomers are configurational isomers that differ in the 3D relationship of the substituents about one or more atoms. Slide 30: Diastereomers are optical isomers (stereoisomers) that are not enantiomers. Slide 31: Enantiomers are optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images. Slide 32: Chirality Chiral objects are objects with left-handed and right-handed forms Achiral objects - objects that have superimposable mirror images Nonsuperimposable mirror images - a mirror image that is not the same as the image itself - chiral objects have nonsuperimposable mirror images Slide 33: Assymetric Center Chirality is not reserved just for objects - molecules can be chiral Chiral molecules - generally molecules containing an asymmetric center Asymmetric (chiral) center - tetrahedral atom bonded to four different groups - indicated with an asterisk (*) Slide 35: Chiral Molecules with One Asymmetric Center Molecules with one chiral center would have 2 enantiomers *Chiral molecules would have 2n enantiomers (where n is the number of chiral centers) Slide 36: Chiral vs Achiral Slide 42: How to Represent Enantiomers: Perspective Formulas Perspective Formulas - shows two bonds of the asymmetric center as lines in the plane of the paper, another bond as a solid wedge protruding forward out of the paper, and the fourth bond as a hatched wedge extending behind the paper Slide 43: Fischer Projections Fisher Projection - representation of an asymmetric center as the point of intersection of two perpendicular lines Horizontal lines represent bonds that project out of the plane of the paper Vertical lines represent bonds that extend back from the plane of the paper away from the viewer Slide 44: Fischer Projections Slide 47: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System STEP 1. Rank the groups/atoms bonded to the asymmetric center in order of priority. - rank in terms of atomic mass. Higher atomic mass, higher priority. - let’s have 1-chloro-1-ethanol as an example. Chlorine = 36 amu Oxygen = 16 amu Carbon = 12 amu Hydrogen = 1 amu STEP 2. Rotate the molecule so that the lowest priority group is pointing away from the reader. Slide 48: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System Step 3. Trace your finger around the three highest priority groups in order of the priority. - If the circle is moving counterclockwise the CIP designation is “S”. If the circle is moving clockwise the CIP designation is “R”. Step 4. Name the enantiomer in terms of its R or S configuration. - the name for this isomer is (S)-1-chloro-1-ethanol Slide 49: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System Assigning Priorities to Groups Oxygen (from CH2OH) = 16 Carbon (from CH2CH3) = attached to carbon Carbon (from CH3) = attached to hydrogen Hydrogen = 1 Slide 50: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System You do not have the permission to view this presentation. In order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.
Introduction to Stereochemistry cpesison Download Post to : URL : Related Presentations : Share Add to Flag Embed Email Send to Blogs and Networks Add to Channel Uploaded from authorPOINT lite Insert YouTube videos in PowerPont slides with aS Desktop Copy embed code: Embed: Flash iPad Copy Does not support media & animations WordPress Embed Customize Embed URL: Copy Thumbnail: Copy The presentation is successfully added In Your Favorites. Views: 14094 Category: Education License: All Rights Reserved Like it (15) Dislike it (2) Added: August 14, 2008 This Presentation is Public Favorites: 14 Presentation Description Introduction to Stereochemistry Comments Posting comment... By: radharajasekarram (19 month(s) ago) very nice presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... Edit Comment Close By: siddhu.kadam22 (29 month(s) ago) please send me this power point presentation Saving..... Post Reply Close Saving..... 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See all Premium member Presentation Transcript Slide 1: Chapter 9 INTRODUCTION TO STEREOCHEMISTRY Slide 2: Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but not identical structures Slide 3: Constitutional isomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are connected Slide 4: Constitutional Isomers Constitutional isomers are isomers which have the same molecular formula but differ in the way their atoms are connected Slide 5: Drawing Constitutional or Structural Isomers of Alkanes Example 8.4 Write all the constitutional isomers having the molecular formula C6H14 Slide 6: Example 8.4 Write all the constitutional isomers having the molecular formula C6H14 Slide 7: Example 8.4 Write all the constitutional isomers having the molecular formula C6H14 Slide 8: Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula, maintain the same connectivity, but differ in the way their atoms are arranged in space Slide 9: Conformational isomers (or conformers or rotational isomers or rotamers) are stereoisomers produced by rotation about single bonds, and are often rapidly interconverting at room temperature Slide 10: Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Conformations of Ethane ethane Staggered conformation of ethane Eclipsed conformation of ethane Sawhorse Representation Sawhorse Representation Newman Projection Newman Projection Slide 11: ethane Staggered conformation of ethane Eclipsed conformation of ethane Sawhorse Representation Sawhorse Representation Newman Projection Newman Projection Slide 12: Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Conformations of Butane butane Staggered conformation of butane Eclipsed conformation of butane Slide 13: Staggered conformation of butane Eclipsed conformation of butane Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Slide 14: Configurational Isomers are stereoisomers that do not readily interconvert at room temperature and can (in principle at least) be separated. Slide 15: Geometric isomers are configurational isomers that differ in the spatial position around a bond with restricted rotation (e.g. a double bond): Slide 16: Geometric (Cis and Trans) Isomers Geometric (Cis and Trans) Isomers result from restriction rotation Compounds with double bonds cis isomer – have same substituents on the same side of the double bond (= Z with more complex molecules having high priority groups on the same side) trans isomer – have the same substituents on the opposite side of the double bond (= E with more complex molecules having high priority groups on opposite sides) Compounds with bonds in a ring: cis isomer – have the same substituents on the same side of the ring trans isomer - have the same substituents on the opposite side of the ring Slide 17: Cis-trans (Geometric) isomerism in Alkenes cis-1,2-dichloroethene trans-1,2-dichloroethene (E)-1,2-dichloroethene (Z)-1,2-dichloroethene Slide 18: Cis-trans (Geometric) isomerism in Alkenes 1,1-dichloroethene *If one of the two carbon atoms of the double bond has two identical substituents, there are no cis-trans isomers for that molecule Slide 19: Identifying cis and trans isomers of Alkenes Example 11.3 Two isomers of 2-butene are shown below. Which is the cis isomer and which is the trans isomer cis-2-butene trans-2-butene Slide 20: Naming cis and trans compounds Example 11.4 Name the following geometric isomers. trans-3,4-dichloro-3-heptene cis-3,4-dimethyl-3-octene Slide 21: Identifying Geometric Isomers Example 11.5 Determine whether each of the following molecules can exist as cis-trans isomers: 1-pentene 3-ethyl-3-hexene 3-methyl-2-pentene 1-pentene 3-ethyl-3-hexene cis-3-methyl-2-pentene trans-3-methyl-2-pentene Slide 22: cis-9-octadecenoic acid Cis and Trans Fatty Acids trans-9-octadecenoic acid Slide 23: Cis and Trans Fatty Acids Slide 24: Cis-trans (Geometric) isomerism in Cycloalkanes Cis-trans isomers are molecules having the same arrangement of atoms but differ in the spatial orientation of their substituents. cis-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane trans-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane Slide 25: Naming cis-trans Isomers of Substituted Cycloalkanes Example 10.6 Determine whether the following susbstituted cycloalkanes are cis or trans isomers. trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane Slide 26: Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Conformations of Cyclohexane cyclohexane Chair conformation of cyclohexane Boat conformation of cyclohexane Slide 27: Chair conformation of cyclohexane Boat conformation of cyclohexane Slide 28: Chair-Chair Interconversion Slide 29: Optical isomers are configurational isomers that differ in the 3D relationship of the substituents about one or more atoms. Slide 30: Diastereomers are optical isomers (stereoisomers) that are not enantiomers. Slide 31: Enantiomers are optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images. Slide 32: Chirality Chiral objects are objects with left-handed and right-handed forms Achiral objects - objects that have superimposable mirror images Nonsuperimposable mirror images - a mirror image that is not the same as the image itself - chiral objects have nonsuperimposable mirror images Slide 33: Assymetric Center Chirality is not reserved just for objects - molecules can be chiral Chiral molecules - generally molecules containing an asymmetric center Asymmetric (chiral) center - tetrahedral atom bonded to four different groups - indicated with an asterisk (*) Slide 35: Chiral Molecules with One Asymmetric Center Molecules with one chiral center would have 2 enantiomers *Chiral molecules would have 2n enantiomers (where n is the number of chiral centers) Slide 36: Chiral vs Achiral Slide 42: How to Represent Enantiomers: Perspective Formulas Perspective Formulas - shows two bonds of the asymmetric center as lines in the plane of the paper, another bond as a solid wedge protruding forward out of the paper, and the fourth bond as a hatched wedge extending behind the paper Slide 43: Fischer Projections Fisher Projection - representation of an asymmetric center as the point of intersection of two perpendicular lines Horizontal lines represent bonds that project out of the plane of the paper Vertical lines represent bonds that extend back from the plane of the paper away from the viewer Slide 44: Fischer Projections Slide 47: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System STEP 1. Rank the groups/atoms bonded to the asymmetric center in order of priority. - rank in terms of atomic mass. Higher atomic mass, higher priority. - let’s have 1-chloro-1-ethanol as an example. Chlorine = 36 amu Oxygen = 16 amu Carbon = 12 amu Hydrogen = 1 amu STEP 2. Rotate the molecule so that the lowest priority group is pointing away from the reader. Slide 48: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System Step 3. Trace your finger around the three highest priority groups in order of the priority. - If the circle is moving counterclockwise the CIP designation is “S”. If the circle is moving clockwise the CIP designation is “R”. Step 4. Name the enantiomer in terms of its R or S configuration. - the name for this isomer is (S)-1-chloro-1-ethanol Slide 49: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System Assigning Priorities to Groups Oxygen (from CH2OH) = 16 Carbon (from CH2CH3) = attached to carbon Carbon (from CH3) = attached to hydrogen Hydrogen = 1 Slide 50: Naming Enantiomers -R,S System