antibiotic misuse and drug resistance

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ANTIBIOTIC MISUSE &DRUG RESISTANCE

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Antibiotic resistance is a specific type of drug resistance when a microorganism has the ability of withstanding the effects of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance evolves via natural selection acting upon random mutation The widespread use of antibiotics both inside and outside of medicine is playing a significant role in the emergence of resistant bacteria The volume of antibiotic prescribed is the major factor in increasing rates or bacterial resistance rather than compliance with antibiotics. Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics has been attributed to a number of causes including: people who insist on antibiotics, INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVES : 

OBJECTIVES To make aware of the threats that are caused due to misuse of antibiotics Give information about various causes of antibiotic resistance To educate on proper use of antibiotics

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What are Antibiotics? Powerful medicines with one very important job: to fight disease-causing bacteria. When used properly, antibiotics can save lives.

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Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Are: Bacteria that mutate and are able to resist the antibiotics that are meant to kill them. This is a normal process speeded up by the overuse and misuse of antibiotics.

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What is Antibiotic Misuse? Taking antibiotics when they are not needed: for viral infections When needed, taking antibiotics incorrectly: stopping the medicine when you feel better - not finishing the prescription saving antibiotics for a future illness sharing or using someone else’s medicine

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Why is Antibiotic Misuse a Problem? Antibiotics become less effective and may not work the next time you use them. Improper use of antibiotics leads to more antibiotic resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistant bacteria can be spread throughout the community and from person to person.

percentage of unnecessary prescriptions : 

percentage of unnecessary prescriptions

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Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Require stronger antibiotics Are more common in people who recently used antibiotics* Can be spread within a family or a community Can affect anyone Are becoming more common

Mechanisms of resistance : 

Mechanisms of resistance Penicillins, Cephalosporins Tetracycline Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to penicillins MRSA penicillin binding protein PBP2A Imipenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosae

Evolution of resistance : 

Evolution of resistance

Horizontal transfer : 

Horizontal transfer

Antibiotics promote resistance : 

Antibiotics promote resistance

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Myths and Facts Myth: Taking antibiotics means I or my child can return to work or childcare sooner Fact: Antibiotics do not shorten the duration of viral illnesses Everyone should stay home until they are fever-free and well enough to participate in activities whether they have a viral or bacterial illness. Myth: Cold and flu symptoms will feel better or get better faster on antibiotics Fact: Antibiotics cannot ease the symptoms of viral illnesses; these infections resolve on their own Children and adults need extra rest and care, extra fluids…not antibiotics, symptomatic relief is helpful Myth: Illnesses with the same symptoms require antibiotics Fact: Illnesses with similar symptoms can be caused by different germs Let a healthcare provider decide if the illness is caused by a virus or bacteria - and if antibiotics are needed

Points to note when taking antibiotics : 

Points to note when taking antibiotics

APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE : 

APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Last but not the least despite of the threats due to antibiotic resistance, it finds use in genetic engineering Antibiotic resistant genes can be incorporated into the microorganisms along with the desired genes , so that the genitically transformed cells can be isolated from the normal cells by the application of antibiotics

Acknowledgement : 

Writing this acknowledgement has provided me with the great opportunity to note the enormous help & guidance given by various persons whose work was note worthy & can’t be diminished from my mind & soul. I would like to thank www.pharmainfo.net to give me opportunity of presenting power point presentation regarding my interested topic. I would like to thank our principal Nadendla Rama Rao & other faculty members who encouraged me for this purpose. I would also like to thank librarian of my institute for giving me permission to utilize our library resources. Finally, I would like to mention a very special thank to my guide (s.s.Manikiran) who give me his valuable time, support and constant guidance with continuous suggestions to make this presentation very effective. . Acknowledgement

REFERENCES : 

REFERENCES Harrison JW, Svec TA (April 1998). ^ Lautenbach E, Larosa LA, Kasbekar N, Peng HP, Maniglia RJ, Fishman NO (March 2003). use "Fluoroqu ^ Pickering, TD.; Gurwitz, JH.; Zaleznik, D.; Noonan, JP.; Avorn, J. (Jan 1994).   ^ Beringer, PM.; Wong-Beringer, A.; Rho, JP. (Jan 1998).   ^ James R. Roberts (October 2008). "  ^ Galatti L, Giustini SE, Sessa A, et al. (March 2005). "Neuropsychiatric reactions to drugs: an analysis of spontaneous reports from general practitioners in Italy". ^ Froom J, Culpepper L, Jacobs M, et al. (July 1997). "Antimicrobials for acute otitis media?). BMJ 315 (7100): 98–102. PMID 9240050. PMC 2127061.

CONCLUSION : 

CONCLUSION Antibiotics is effective for treating bacterial infections only but it is not a panacea. Antibiotics must be taken under doctors’ prescription. Follow doctors’ or pharmacists’ instruction strictly in completing the whole course of antibiotics at the right time at the right dose. While taking antibiotics, personal hygiene must be strengthened. If feeling unwell after taking antibiotics, contact your doctor immediately.

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THANK YOU