JAPANESE DYNASTY

JAPANESE DYNASTY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS : 

JAPANESE DYNASTY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS BARANEEDHARAN K-09AA07 CHITRA K-09AA09 RAJAN BL-09AA28 SEERALAN T-09AA35

Paleolithic Culture : 

Paleolithic Culture No solid evidence of human presence before 35,000 years ago. Earliest inhabitants of Japan are believed to have migrated from Northwest Asia and from the islands/regions of southwest Asia Settle in coastal regions Name comes from Chinese jih pen which means “origin of the sun” At one time there was a land bridge connecting southern Japan with Korean peninsula Japan was relatively safe from invasion & develops independent of the rest of Asia

Jōmon (Neolithic) Culture : 

Jōmon (Neolithic) Culture Jomon Period (10,500-300 BCE): One of Japan’s earliest distinct culture, Jomon, meaning “cord markings”, refers to the technique that this culture used to decorate earthenware vessels. The dominate people were probably Ainu. The population may have reached 250,000. Average life expectancy was 15 years. They were primarily hunter-gatherers who lived on deer, wild bore and fish. Villages consisted of 6-10 pit dwellings and were marked by huge shell mounds. Human remains indicate tooth mutilation, a Southeast Asian initiation practice.

Ainu : 

Ainu Ainu are to the closest in cultural and physical appearance to the Jomon Referred to as the “hairy ones” Japan’s equivalent to American Inuit Live in the northern most regions of Japan Forced to move northward as Japanese population expands in 8th Century

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Jomon figure shows signs of sympathetic magic.

Yayoi Culture : 

Yayoi Culture The Yayoi period was 200 BCE-300 CE. It was Japan’s iron age. The population increased by ten to 15 times suggesting a major influx of people who settled in Kyushu and the Kansai area. Skeletal remains indicate anatomical differences from the existing population. DNA samples suggest migrants were from China’s lower Yangze River basin. The period is marked by settled wet-rice agriculture and metallurgy. Metals were used to produced weapons, tools, mirrors & ceremonial bells. Shamanism and fertility cults were common.

Horse-rider Theory : 

Horse-rider Theory Namio-Egami Basic Character of Yayoi and Early Tomb Periods is “Incantatory, sacrificial, southeast Asian, in a word agricultural” Late Tomb Period is “realist, warlike, baronial, north Asian, in a word Horse-rider” Yayoi pots were wheel thrown and hi temp fired.

Yayoi uji: clans : 

Yayoi uji: clans Clans headed by single figure -- both War-chief and priest Women held prominent place in uji, perhaps even serving as clan head or Priestess. Each clan associated with a single god or kami – which represented a force of Nature. When one uji conquered another, it absorbed its kami into its own religious practices resulting in a complex pantheon of kami

KOFUN-The Tomb Period : 

KOFUN-The Tomb Period Kofun – ancient burial mounds Korean Connection Keyhole shape 150,000 kofun have been found. The largest were 400 meters in length. The tombs indicate the increasing organization of society and the existence of surplus labor.

Late Tomb Period : 

Late Tomb Period Yamato kings and local chiefs Complex web of allegiance and fealty Loosely centralized political order Korean Connection Crucial transmitters of ideas and material culture Wa military on peninsula 7th century wars on peninsula stimulated immigration to archipelago.

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Known as largest tumulus (pit graves covered by sometimes enormous mounds). Central mound, which takes the keyhole form. 1,600 feet long and rises to a height of 90 feet. It covers 458 acres. Objects were placed with the coffin to assist in the transition to the next life.

Burial Practices : 

Burial Practices This Tall Pine Burial Mound near Nara was decorated with paintings and star patterns on the ceiling. Haniwa are clay figures & objects that were placed around tombs.

Asuka Transformation : 

Asuka Transformation The Asuka period is the first when the Japanese imperial court ruled relatively uncontested. The court was located in the Asuka region of Yamato Province, but had no permanent capital. The period (538-646 CE) overlaps the late Tomb period and extends to the Taika Reform. The Yamato court exercised power over clans on Honshu and Kyushu. They suppressed warring clans, awarded titles to subordinated chieftains and acquired agricultural land.

Korean Connection : 

Korean Connection The late Asuka period was greatly influenced by contact with Korea, especially through refugees. Buddhism was introduced under the sponsorship of the King of Paekche (552). Warfare on the peninsula included an attempted invasions by Sui (611-614) and a struggle for supremacy between Paekche, Koguryo & Silla, prompting Korean immigration to Japan. The perceived threat to Japan of a unified Korea under Silla and Tang control spurred domestic reform. Vairocana in the Todaiji

Nara Period: 710-794 : 

Nara Period: 710-794 710: first permanent capital established at Nara 712: A Record of Ancient Matters: first book of orally preserved historic legends Emperors embraced Buddhism leading to rapid and dramatic expansion 759: The Manyoshu: first poetry anthology 784:Rise in political power of Buddhist monasteries led to capital being moved to Nagaoka

Nara Fashion : 

Nara Fashion During the Nara and the previous Asuka periods, techniques for dyeing silk were developed. Clothing consisted of many pieces including upper and lower garments, jackets, a front skirt, and a back skirt.

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In 794 Japan’s emperor moved the capital to Heian, now called Kyoto. Many nobles moved to Heian, where they developed an elegant and stylish court society. At the Heian court, Japanese culture flowered. The Heian Period

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Heian Court Dress

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The Fujiwaras Fujiwara family controlled Japan for most of Heian period Many Fujiwaras served as regent Fujiwaras often married daughters to heirs of throne Rich landowners with private armies eventually challenged Fujiwaras, Japan’s central government Detail of the Flying Storehouse, from The Legends of Mount Shigi

Heian Style : 

Heian Style A culture more independent of Chinese influence miyabi : courtlinessmakoto : simplicityaware : melancholymono no aware :evanescence Emphasis on the exquisite and evanescent Literary: poems, letters, pillow books Extreme sensitivity to nature Nocturnal Importance of convention and fashion

Heian Literature : 

Heian Literature Men continued to write Chinese-style poetry Women began to write in Japanese prose First novel: Genji Monogatari by Lady Murasaki Shikibu Diaries: The Pillowbook by Sei Shonagan As I Crossed a Bridge of Dreams by Lady Sarashina

Kamakura Period Bakufu Government:Lord-Retainer System : 

Kamakura Period Bakufu Government:Lord-Retainer System Shogun’s government structure: Classic Patron-client, or Lord-retainer system Shogun accepts allegiance (oaths of loyalty) from lesser lords Each lord supported by corps of samurai retainers who swear allegiance to him. Lords provide leadership and resources Retainers provide military service, loyalty, and obedience to their lord Kamakura Period Samurai Warrior

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Feudalism

Samurai : 

Samurai Weaponry: Swords Bow and Arrow Also Spears For mounted samurai

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Samurai Charging

Kamakura:Japan under attack : 

Kamakura:Japan under attack Mongol invasions: 1274 & 1281 Divine Winds: or Kamikaze save Japan at the last moment

Warring States Period:1467-1568 CE : 

Warring States Period:1467-1568 CE 100 years of civil war Changes in Bushido and lord-retainer system Dramatic changes in social structure Change in economic structure

Muromachi Period : 

Muromachi Period 1336 – 1573 Beginning of the shogun and samurai rule, leading to “Age of Wars” Zen Buddhism Dry landscape gardening Ryoan-ji, Kyoto (Below)

Gempei War Period -Civil Wars : 

Gempei War Period -Civil Wars 1156: Hôgen Disturbance--Taira (or Heike) and Minamoto (or Genji) on both sides 1160: Heiji Disturbance-- Taira were solidly aligned against the Minamoto. A Taira victory enabled the clan to become the new aristocracy at court from 1160 until the early 1180s 1180: Taira-Minamoto War -- Minamoto chieftains rose in the provinces that led to the defeat of the Taira

Sengoku Period(1477-1568) : 

Sengoku Period(1477-1568) Onin War (1467-77) Total disintegration of central authority. High feudalism Spread of high culture Constant warfare

Momoyama Period : 

Momoyama Period 1573 – 1615 Three powerful warlords ousted shogun and consolidated political authority Construction of castles Himeji Castle (White Heron Castle) Tea ceremony Sen no Rikyu, tea master

Azuchi/Momoyama Period(1568-1598) : 

Azuchi/Momoyama Period(1568-1598) 3 Shoguns who unified Japan in the late 1500s are: Oda Nobunaga: Reduced Buddhist control over Japanese politics. Built castles to defend his lands Paved the way for unification with new administrative practices. Continued centralized govt. power. Changed the tax on the land from money to quantities of rice (koku). Society based on formal class structure. Created a standing army. Farmers and warriors had to choose one or the other and not both Supported painters and new types of drama. Established his government base in Edo. Finalized unification of Japan Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Tokugawa Ieyasu

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Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu

Edo Period : 

Edo Period 1615 – 1868 Tokugawa Ieyasu reinstated title of Shogun Institutions set up to limit social and cultural change Banning of Christianity Expelled all foreigners except Dutch

Edo Period Control Techniques : 

Edo Period Control Techniques Japanese forbidden to leave & return (1635). Foreigners forbidden to enter (1639). Local areas controlled by daimyo (lords). Daimyo controlled by shogunate. Travel discouraged.

Meiji Restoration : 

Meiji Restoration Shogun forced to relinquish power Power officially in hands of Emperor Mutsuhito -His reign was called the “Meiji” Japan westernized -Quickly went to work crafting a constitution Satsuma/Choshu Plotters

Meiji Leadership : 

Meiji Leadership Collective leadership with the Emperor 20-30 young leaders -Mostly samurai -Mostly from Satsuma or Choshu -Includes some reformers among the royal court Known as the Meiji Oligarchy Young Emperor Meiji

Meiji Restoration:Rapid Westernization / modernization : 

Meiji Restoration:Rapid Westernization / modernization Abolish Caste Structure Strip Daimyo of Han and special privilege Compensate Daimyo for lost land with cash Abolish Samurai class and privileges Adopt conscript army of commoners Forbid wearing of swords Assign many former samurai as government officials

Meiji Art takes a modern turn : 

Meiji Art takes a modern turn

The Taisho Period (1912-1926) and the 1920s : 

The Taisho Period (1912-1926) and the 1920s Financial conditions force cuts in spending Unable to fund domestic program and new divisions in military Prime Minister Saionji forced out of office Mass demonstrations Attempt at imperial order fails Significance: first time party majority, back by popular opinion, had overthrew a cabinet

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xxxx xxxx xxx I. Emperor’s Rule II. Samurai’s Rule X III. Modern-ization WAR IV. Postwar Clan fights × 645 NARA Centralization HEIAN Nobles,Decentralization Internal wars, dynamic & fluid society Peace, isolation, conservative class society EDO Tokugawa Shogunate KAMAKURAMUROMACHISENGOKU 1867 MEIJI Westernization,industrialization,militarilization Rapid recovery and growth Hunting & gathering Taika Reform Rice Chinese culture &political system Buddhism WEST: guns &Christianity WEST!!! US occupation1945-52 1603 PP.16-17

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