Bioethics part 2

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AK Chhabra Soumya Kanti Bose. BIOETHICS Copyright of original pictures (if any) used from other sources lies with the original developer. This is being used for non commercial purpose and educational use only

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Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among biology, medicine, cybernetics, politics, law, philosophy, and theology.

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Narrowed view-Morality of medical treatments or technological innovations and the timing of medical treatment of humans. Broaden view- Morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms capable of feeling fear and pain. Bioethics involves many public policy questions that are sometimes politicized and used to mobilize political constituencies, hence the emergence of biopolitics and its techno-progressive/bioconservative branches. scope

Development of bioethics : 

Development of bioethics Ethical Legal / Regulatory Social Implications or Issues What is unsaid or missing? Science Values Politics

Ideology and methodology : 

Ideology and methodology Bioethicists often focus on using philosophy to help analyze issues. Existance of Bioethics apart from philosophy.

Idea of bioethics as a distinct area of academic inquiry : 

Idea of bioethics as a distinct area of academic inquiry Bioethics not only restricted into conversations. Bioethicists know and can put to work the enormous body of research and history of discussions about bioethics in a fair, honest and intelligent way. The percentage of bioethicists with professional backgrounds in health care, especially physicians, has been steadily increasing over time.

Institutions of Bioethics : 

Institutions of Bioethics Alden March Bioethics Institute in Albany, N.Y. Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity ,USA. Rockefeller Institute of Federalism and Bioethics Initiative.

Religious bioethicis : 

Religious bioethicis Religious bioethicists have developed rules and guidelines on how to deal with bioethical concerns from within the viewpoint of their respective faiths. Maximum contribution:- Many religious bioethicists are Jewish, and Christian scholars. Indian traditions:- Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism considers the sanctity of all life, there is much literature related to the philosophy and ethics related to life in each of these traditions. Islamic point of view:- A growing number of religious scholars from Islam have also become involved in this field. There has been some criticism by liberal Muslims that only the more religiously conservative voices in Islam are being heard on this issue. Buddhist bioethics:- Naturalistic outlook that leads to a rationalistic, pragmatic approach. Buddhist bioethicists include Damien Keown. In India, Vandana Shiva is the leading bioethicist who speaks from the Hindu tradition. Global view:- The debate on bioethics frequently focus on its practical relevance in the context of underdevelopment and power relations.

Issues : 

Issues Abortion Animal rights Artificial insemination Artificial life Artificial womb Assisted suicide Biopiracy Blood/blood plasma (trade) Body modification Brain-computer interface Circumcision Cloning Confidentiality (medical records) Consent Contraception Cryonics

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Euthanasia (human, non-human animal) Feeding tube Gene therapy Genetically modified food Genomics Human cloning Human genetic engineering Iatrogenesis Immortality Infertility (treatments) Life extension Life support Lobotomy Medical research Medical torture Moral obligation Nanomedicine Organ donation (fair allocation, class and race biases) Pain management Parthenogenesis Patients' Bill of Rights

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Population control Prescription drugs Procreative beneficence Procreative liberty Psychosurgery Recreational drug use Reproductive rights Reprogenetics Sperm and eggs (donation) Spiritual drug use Stem cell research Suicide Surrogacy Transhumanism Transexuality Transplant trade

Stem Cell Research : 

Stem Cell Research Disease Diabetes, Spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease (Valve tissue). Blood transfusion (No grouping) Genetic based Disease

Bioethics related to animals : 

Bioethics related to animals Poaching of Lions in Gujrat. Royal Bengal Tigers are in threat in Sundarban. Frogs in zoological study. Slaughtering of Animals in Vet science. Protection of endangered species (white backed vulture, panda etc.).

Kill Him Quick, His Organs Are Souring : 

Kill Him Quick, His Organs Are Souring Adoption of drugs to hasten death. Harvest of transplantable organs. People agree in polls that organ donation after death is a good thing. Positive effects of Organ donation: provide some redemptive value to death makes grieving less burdensome for family members saves live Fear of force killing causing people to revoke or not to provide consent in organ donation.

Consanguinity (Inbreeding):- : 

Consanguinity (Inbreeding):- A 10-year-old boy entertained crowds by stabbing knives through his arms and walking on hot coals - until one day at age 13 he jumped off a roof and died in Pakistan. Consanguinity ("shared blood") can team up recessive genes inherited from shared ancestors. Chance of creation of extremely rare disorder. Practical reasons of consanguinity: Dowry. Improper knowledge. Love affairs.

Selling Bodies:- : 

Selling Bodies:- Noida serial killings. Los Angles school scandal: The middleman, Ernest Nelson, 49, was charged with conspiracy, grand theft and tax evasion. Acknowledged cutting up about 800 cadavers and selling them to large medical research companies.

Forceful administration of truth drug : 

Forceful administration of truth drug Lie detector (Brain mapping & polygraph) often fail. Truth drug having ethanol, scopalamine & Na-pentathenol. Poisonous agents to heart or neuro patents. Whether truth serum is to be accepted as a legitimate & humane means for interrogation ?

Baby Drop-off Zone:- : 

Baby Drop-off Zone:- Abandonment of children by those who should be required to put them up for adoption. Often such parents would (New Jersey Dumpster Baby Epidemic) literally leave their children to the elements or kill them outright. These "windows of mercy" are a poor substitute for public assistance to poor parents.

HPV Fights:- : 

HPV Fights:- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) potent agent of cervical cancer. HPV’s are sexually transmitted. USA wants to vaccinate all school girls with Gardasil vaccine. Many conservative groups have complained that mandating the vaccine will encourage sexual activity. The debate over what to do about Gardasil

Human Clonning : 

In 2002, Dr. Brigitte Boisselier, Raelian bishop and CEO of the sci-fi start-up Clonaid announced to an aghast world press that Clonaid had successfully cloned a human being. Scientists quickly recognized that cloning might be a useful way to take advantage of the embryonic stem cell. Cloned embryos made from adult human cells might hold the key to technology capable of replacing worn-out or damaged human cells. Is cloning safe for scientific and human integrity if seen from ethical and loyal perspectives ? Human Clonning

Illegal Approach to Drugs and Pregnancy : 

Illegal Approach to Drugs and Pregnancy "That's like playing God when all you are is a judge," said, Charleston attorney Susan Dunn, famous bioethicist. Use of illegal narcotics is not for sterilization, the birth control is temporary and as of now, a voluntary part of plea deals.

Ten Years Since Dolly : 

Ten Years Since Dolly Dolly's creation set off a storm of fear, confusion, misunderstanding, pandering and double-talk that culminated in the greatest fraud ever perpetrated in the history of biological research. The scientists who created Dolly got into a nasty dispute over who deserved credit for her creation.

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BIOETHICS IN AGRICULTURE

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farmers still 'husband' the land, crops and animals, adhering to the old teaching: "Care for the land and the land will take care of you."  Past context:- This belief, which is the bioethical basis for a just, sustainable community and for a sane society goes back to pre-agricultural times--to the long epoch of the gatherer-hunters   In modern parlance:- we say what's good for the Earth is good for us. Ethical and sensible way of organic and humane farming. The essence of holistic care in agriculture, therefore, is to give equal and just consideration to human interests, animal rights, environmental ethics and the greater good. Bhasa thik korte hobe

Basic thrust for agricultural community :- : 

Basic thrust for agricultural community :- Positive and negative effect of Pesticides. Genetic Engineering Biotechnology; Risks and Benefits Nature and Religion Animal Rights and Veterinary Bioethics Companion Animals: Holistic Care, Rights and Responsibilities

Agriculture and Food Issues in the Bioethics Spectrum : 

Agriculture and Food Issues in the Bioethics Spectrum Agricultural and food ethics is concerned with a host of issues relating to risk and health, including nutrition and the potential for adverse health affects from pesticides or biotechnology. This century have their roots in agrarian transition: urbanization and suburban. Disenchantment of nature Within rural communities today, the sting of agrarian transition continues to be felt as a desperate need to prevent family farms from disappearing entirely. Special Economic Zone (SEZ) & Farmland acquisition by power Consolidation of holdings Govt. policies- Subsidies for corn (and tariffs on cane sugar) have encouraged the development of cheap corn sweeteners, on the one hand, while encouraging low-cost confined animal production for meat and eggs, on the other. Animal nutrition studies aimed to maximize growth and weight gain with little thought to the potential for long-term health effects. Red meat and milk products were once highly recommended, and then became substances to avoid. Recent studies apparently indicating the principles of low-carbohydrate diets have restored some of their acceptability. Rat poison contaminated wheat from China was responsible for the suffering and deaths of as yet uncounted numbers of cats and dogs across North America and other countries importing contaminated pet food. The poison is a chemical compound called aminopterin.

Former Bioethics Commissions : 

Former Bioethics Commissions

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. : 

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Research on the Fetus (1975) Research Involving Prisoners (1976) Research Involving Children (1977) Psychosurgery: Report and Recommendations (March 1977) Disclosure of Research Information Under the Freedom of Information Act (April 1977) Research Involving Those Institutionalized as Mentally Infirm (1978) Ethical Guidelines for the Delivery of Health Services by DHEW (1978) Appendix to Ethical Guidelines for the Delivery of Health Services by DHEW (1978) Institutional Review Boards (1978) Implications of Advances in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1978) The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1979)

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Ethics Advisory Board (EAB) Support of Research Involving Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: Report and Conclusions (1979)

President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research : 

President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research Defining Death (1981) Protecting Human Subjects (1981) Whistle blowing in Biomedical Research (1981) IRB Guidebook (1981) Compensating for Research Injuries (1982) Splicing Life: The Social and Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering with Human Beings (Nov 1982) Making Health Care Decisions (1982-83) (Nov 1982) Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment (1983) Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions: The Ethical, Social, and Legal Implications of Genetic Screening, Counseling, and Education Programs (Feb 1983) Securing Access to Health Care (1983) Summing Up (1983)

NIH-DOE Joint Working Group on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) of Human Genome Research : 

NIH-DOE Joint Working Group on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) of Human Genome Research Begun in 1989, a joint working group between the two departments analyzes critical issues and provides guidance. Priority areas: (1) the use and interpretation of genetic information; (2) clinical integration of genetic technologies; (3) issues surrounding genetics research; (4) public and professional education and training on those issues.

Biomedical Ethical Advisory Committee : 

Biomedical Ethical Advisory Committee Selected by the Biomedical Ethics Board. The group functioned only briefly from late 1988 to early 1989. Unfortunately its appropriations were frozen, and finally its term expired in 1990 Human Embryo Research Panel(National Institutes of Health) Volume 1 (Sept 1994) Volume 2 (Sept 1994)

National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) : 

National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) Cloning Human Beings Volume 1: Report and Recommendations (June 1997) Volume 2: Commissioned Papers Research Involving Persons with Mental Disorders - Volume 1: Final Report (Dec 1998) Volume 2: Commissioned Papers (March 1999) Research Involving Human Biological Materials: Ethical Issues and Policy Guidance Volume 1: Report and Recommendations of the NBAC (Aug 1999) Volume 2: Commissioned Papers (Jan 2000) Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research Volume 1: Report and Recommendations of the NBAC (Sept 1999) Volume 2: Commissioned Papers (Jan 2000) Volume 3: Religious Perspectives (June 2000) Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries (April 2001) Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants (Aug 2001)

President's Council on Bioethics : 

President's Council on Bioethics Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry (July 2002) Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness (Oct 2003) Being Human: Readings from the President's Council on Bioethics (Dec 2003) Monitoring Stem Cell Research (Jan 2004) Reproduction and Responsibility: The Regulation of New Biotechnologies (March 2004) White Paper: Alternative Sources of Pluripotent Cells (May 2005) Taking Care: Ethical Care giving in Our Aging Society (Sept 2005)

Great Britain: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology : 

Great Britain: The Warnock Report on Human Fertilisation and Embryology Chaired by Dame Mary Warnock, the 15-member committee examined the social, ethical, and legal implications of developments in assisted reproduction.

Current Bioethical Issues : 

Current Bioethical Issues Stem cells (state, national, international) Genetically Engineered Organisms Knowing your genes In vetro fertilization – choosing your child's genes and characteristics Global warming Chemicals exposures – human health Environmental health

BIOETHICS PORTAL : 

BIOETHICS PORTAL Bioethics for Beginners Bioethics Associations Bioethics Centers and Institutions Bioethics Related Journals Bioterrorism Cloning Cloning & Animals Cloning & Human Cloning & Stem Cells Conduct of Research Educational Resources Government Policies Organizations Conflict of Interest Culture and Diversity in Medicine Cultural Attitudes Towards Medical Ethics Health Disparities Religion & Bioethics End-of-Life Pain and Palliative Care Genetics Environmental Effects Ethics & Genetics Gene Patenting Health Law Legal Issues HIV/AIDS International Issues and Codes Educational Resources on International Research Ethics International Ethical Guidelines, Codes, and Sociocultural Issues Laboratory Animal Care and Use Medicine and Health Care Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical Industry Ethics and Health Policy Health Care Insurance and Policy ... Research Ethics Courses on Ethical Issues in Human Studies Ethics Codes & Manuals Ethics Committees

Promises to maintain bioethical standard : 

Promises to maintain bioethical standard Trust doctors Don't sign an organ donor card without thorough knowledge. Genetically Engineered crops should not have any unintended health effect on the consumers. All governments and major teaching institutions, respectively, should have ministries and departments, and ministers and deans, of Holistic Healthcare and Bioethics, that address and restore the linkages of animal, human and environmental health and bring ethics to life.

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THANK YOU