Molecular Markers in Food Security PART 4

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Molecular Markers: Basic Concepts and their Utilization in Food Security, Safety and Quality PART 4 A.K. Chhabra, R.K. Behl & Sagari Baral DISCLAIMER: Copyright of some of the figures used from internet and different web sites is duly acknowledged. The copyright stands with its original developer. The information has been gathered here for educational purpose and not for any kind of commercial purpose.

Strategies USING MOLECULAR MARKERSexamplePhosphorous Use Efficiency in Wheat : 

Strategies USING MOLECULAR MARKERSexamplePhosphorous Use Efficiency in Wheat

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June 20, 2005 Phosphorus (P) is a vital element required for growth and development of wheat plant. Therefore, it is an important component of nutrient supply chain that ensures potential yield realization of wheat (Clark, 1990) It plays a crucial role in: energy storage and transfer within cells, speeds up root development, facilitates greater N uptake and results in higher grain protein yields. Importance of P Importance of P Rationale P-absorption by wheat P-Distribution in Wheat Enhancing P-efficiency Selection of P-responsive genotypes Integrated Approach Conclusions Last Slide END SHOW Enhancing Phosphorus Uptake and Use Efficiency in Wheat

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June 20, 2005 Behl, Lokesh, Chhabra, Singh, Narula 4 P P © A.K. Chhabra 2008 H2PO4- Importance of P Rationale P-absorption by wheat P-Distribution in Wheat Enhancing P-efficiency Selection of P-responsive genotypes Integrated Approach Conclusions Last Slide END SHOW Integrated strategy to enhance P availability One of the best approaches to increase the availability of native ‘P’ to wheat is the integrated use of inorganic P sources through highly soluble fertilizers coupled with application of biofertlizers such as Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and rhizobacteria like Azotobacter, Azospirrilum which in turn solublize/mobalize the sparingly soluble phosphate components in the soil . DNA Marker Phytohormones are released Photosynthesis synthesizes carbohydrates

EU report find high levels of pesticide residues in vegetables and cereals : 

EU report find high levels of pesticide residues in vegetables and cereals Residues were found most often in grapes (57 %) peppers  (34 %), cucumber (24 %) wheat (22%). DATA OF EUROPE 2005

MULTIPLE RESIDUES : 

MULTIPLE RESIDUES SAMPLES WITH MULTIPLE RESIDUES Residues of more than one pesticide were found in about 20 % of the analysed vegetable and cereal samples. In most of these cases, (10 %), residues of two pesticides were found, while 5 % of samples contained residues of three pesticides. The percentage of samples with four or more residues was with 5.6% higher than in previous years. In the samples taken in the Netherlands 33,7% multiple residues were detected, in the German samples 32% multiple residues (up to 8 and more) were detected INDIA……………..34 TO 89% OF VEGETABLE SAMPLES

Insecticidal Residues : 

Insecticidal Residues Mutations, Cancer, Many New Diseases

Insecticidal Residue Effect on Food : 

Insecticidal Residue Effect on Food ALTERNATIVES: Plant Derived Insecticides Herbicidal Resistance

Controlwithoutpesticides : 

Controlwithoutpesticides

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Biological Control Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Cotton fields in the western U.S. harbor a large diversity of arthropod predators and parasitoids that have the potential to contribute significantly to pest population suppression.

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Biological control of soybean aphids A natural enemy at work: the multicolored Asian lady beetle eating a winged soybean aphid

Biological Control : 

Biological Control DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCEDURE In classical biological control (a), non-indigenous predators, parasites, pathogens or herbivores are typically, although not always, collected in the native habitat of the pest. It provides long-term control. In inoculation biological control (b), the organisms are intentionally released with the expectation that they will then multiply and control the pest species for an extended period, but not permanently. The organisms reproduce after release, but establishment is neither expected nor desired. For this reason, this method is well suited to ecosystems that are periodical or contained, such as glass houses. Because establishment and long-term persistence do not occur, the procedure must be repeated regularly. In inundative biological control (c), the organisms to be released are reared, often commercially, to increase their numbers before release and control is then achieved exclusively by the released organisms themselves. In contrast to inoculation biological control, reproduction is not expected after release — this distinction is often important for regulatory agencies. In conservation biological control (d), aspects of the habitat or cultural practices are altered to increase the number or efficiency of predators, parasites, pathogens or herbivores. Such alternations might include providing increased spatial complexity of the habitat, for example through providing further crops, or changing the timing of various aspects of cultivation or other means of pest control, such as pesticide applications. When indigenous natural enemies are involved, this method presents limited risks to non-target hosts. Molecular Markers help in identification of species by their fingerprinting

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What is a marker? Why these are required? Available markers?

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Marker: A marker can be anything that guides/helps you to achieve a target. For example, a tree or a building can act as a marker if it gives you directions to reach your destination while on road. Phenotypic markers are those markers, the presence of which may indicate the presence or absence of any other linked / co-inherited trait. For Example, the presence of hair or the presence of bristles in pearl millet make the crop insect and bird resistant respectively. DNA markers are the fragments of DNA that co-segregate with any trait, but not necessarily code for those genes. These are alleles of loci at which there is sequence variation - or polymorphism - in DNA that is neutral in terms of phenotype. Markers