Biotechnology and Environment

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Biotechnology and Environment Prospects, Risks and Regulations DISCLAIMER: Copyright of some of the figures used from internet and different web sites is duly acknowledged. The copyright stands with its original developer. The information has been gathered here for educational purpose and not for any kind of commercial purpose.

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Biotechnology & Environment Green to Gene Revolution – Potential of Biotechnology 1.7Mha 58.7Mha Biotechnology promises to feed the global hunger

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Soybean, cotton, maize and rapeseed occupying >99% of the area sown (http://www.isaaaa.org). The gene technology has been the basis for creating value-added traits over the last ten years, and for several years to come. The ‘gene revolution’ has the potential to overcome the limitations of ‘green revolution’ to combat hunger and famine in the next decades Biotechnology & Environment

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Biotechnology & Environment Although biotechnology has revolutionised the way we live, it has not been without negative impact on the environment. The three main areas of impact are: Advances in agriculture and increased food supply Energy use and production Recycling of waste materials and waste disposal Pollution and pollution control Recently efforts have intensified to use biotechnology to redress negative impact and create actual and potential positive benefits.

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Biotechnology & Environment Bioremediation Phytoremediation Environment and Energy Restoration of degraded lands

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Biotechnology & Environment Bioremediation is the use of biological treatment systems to destroy or reduce the concentration of hazardous wastes from a contaminated site. Biological Treatment Microbes that are efficient in destroying the hazardous waste

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Biotechnology & Environment Phytoremediation is the use of tree/plant species to destroy or reduce the concentration of hazardous wastes from a contaminated site.

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Biotechnology & Environment Biological Treatment Microbes that are efficient in destroying the hazardous waste OILS SPILLS IN ALASKA 1989

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Biotechnology and Agriculture In agriculture synthetic herbicides, pesticides, fungicides and fertilisers are major atmospheric and water pollutants and many are potential carcinogens (cancer-causing agents). Gene technology is currently being applied to create biological insecticides as well as virus and herbicide-resistant plants. Biotechnology & Environment

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Biotechnology & Environment

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Biotechnology & Environment DISCLAIMER: Copyright of some of the figures used from internet and different web sites is duly acknowledged. The copyright stands with its original developer. The information has been gathered here for educational purpose and not for any kind of commercial purpose.

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The use of genetically modified organisms for the treatment of industrial and mining wastes is facilitating the degradation and de-toxification of synthetic by-products and harmful substances. Microorganisms are also being used to accelerate biodegradation and to facilitate bioleaching of minerals from rock (Bacterial Mining). Bioremediation programmes involving the use of microorganisms are currently in progress to clean up contaminated air, tracks of land, lakes and waterways. Biotechnology & Environment DISCLAIMER: Copyright of some of the figures used from internet and different web sites is duly acknowledged. The copyright stands with its original developer. The information has been gathered here for educational purpose and not for any kind of commercial purpose.

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Despite all promise of biotechnology in solving the world's agricultural problem and to help creating safer environment, it seems that agricultural and environmental activist groups are most opposed to this technology. Biotechnology & Environment

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From the recent picture of the confrontations it appears that the governments and regulatory agencies of the technologically advanced countries such as USA, UK, Canada, etc.; established international organizations as WHO, FAO, etc.; the industrial establishment, the political right, and almost all of the scientific institutions and organizations including Royal Society, European Federation of Biotechnology, National Research Council USA, etc.; are supporting and championing the technology. They also think that the existing regulatory measures in the technologically advanced countries, although not full proof yet reasonable enough for the security of health, environment and well being of the society. SUPPORTERS

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On the other hand the radical environmental conservationists, as Greenpeace, Friends of Earth, etc.; many of the “third-world” NGOs and some governments, most of the churches and some of the political lefts feel alarmed by the technology and want to have a ban or at least a moratorium on it. AGAINST Biotechnology & Environment

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For example, one of the most renowned environmentalist group “Greenpeace” has following slogans in their web page on genetic engineering (http://www.greenpeace.org/~geneng): No Genetic Manipulation of Nature Prevent Genetic Pollution No Patents on Life Protect Global Bio-Diversity Biotechnology & Environment

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Similarly other radical environmentalist organizations and individuals have declared almost an all out war against biotechnology. The well known Grameen-Monsanto joint venture was given up due to pressure from the environmental NGOs Biotechnology & Environment

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The environmental criticisms against biotechnology may be discussed under following headings: Biotech Natural Disaster Hazardous Food Toxic and Polluted Nature Loss of Biodiversity Biotechnology & Environment

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Biotech Natural Disaster Biotechnology & Environment

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Genes that have been engineered into plants and animals can be transferred to other species, they can mutate in response to environmental influences and thus may disturb the ecological balance. Therefore, “Genetically modified organisms must not be released into the environment as the consequences for the environment and the evolution are unpredictable and irreversible.” There is some truth in this argument. However,………… Biotechnology & Environment

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as a general rule the organisms do not like or tolerate an introduced foreign gene, unless it gives them special survival advantage. In almost all of the cases the traits that we human being want from an organism are not required for the survival of the organism itself. Therefore, the genetically engineered organisms are not particularly fit for competing in the wild without human protection. Biotechnology & Environment

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and the risk has been addressed by the biotechnologists and regulatory agencies. There is detailed procedure worked out by regulatory agencies, say for example by USEPA, to check the ecological impact of an organism under controlled conditions before its release in the field. Still, there are some risks Biotechnology & Environment

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Lack of confidence and worry in some sections of the society is caused by : lack of knowledge and lack of acquaintance with this specific discipline of science. Biotechnology & Environment

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We must have to understand that the issues here are highly technical and the risks have to be assessed by scientific bodies and managed by authorities appointed by the people. Now, if somebody says that s/he has no faith on the scientists or regulatory authorities then it is really difficult to alleviate such fear. Biotechnology & Environment

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Hazardous Food Biotechnology & Environment

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the hottest issue in the anti-biotech battle field is the Issue of GM food Introduction of GM crops and food has become highly controversial in UK, parts of Europe and some other parts of the world. By contrast their introduction has been greeted with near-indifference by farmers and consumers in the USA and Canada. Biotechnology & Environment

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The possibility of health hazard arise from the GM-food for the fact that an introduced gene not only synthesize its own product but may also affect expression of other genes. That is it may either increase the production of toxic substances which are produced in very low amounts in natural plants and foods or may decrease the production of essential nutrients thus reducing the nutritive and protective value of a food. The chances of affecting is further increased by the present procedure of introducing the transgene randomly in any site of the host genome. Gene A Gene B enhanced (toxic) Gene C Showered (nutritive) EPISTATIC INTERACTIONS

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(Now, the biotechnologists and regulatory authorities say that they have taken adequate precaution and investigative procedure to check GM foods before approving it for markets.) Extensive care is taken before release of GM food by the biotechnologists Biotechnology & Environment

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Method for testing GM foods “Substantial Equivalence” test Under this principle GM foods are compared with analogous conventional food by : Chemical analysis of known nutrients, Anti-nutrients and Food toxins, Test for allergens, Testing of the introduced gene, protein and its possible degradation products. If a safety question remains after these tests further toxicological studies are performed.

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They demand that all GM foods must be tested as an unknown chemical, as a new drug is tested. Moreover, the GM foods have to be labeled, segregated or banned altogether. But the GM food antagonists are not satisfied with this procedure.

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It appears that the protestors assumed that introduction of a foreign gene in an organism has a substantial chance of producing any known or unknown toxin in the world. This is a hyper reaction is imaginary and there is no substantial evidence in support of such reaction. I think, it is arising from lack of adequate knowledge about genetics and physiology of organisms. This is a hyper reaction

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Extensive Testing of GMO More Resources Required GM Product’s Cost Increases Ultimately to be paid by consumer Progress of Biotechnology will be showered down

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Toxic and Polluted Nature Biotechnology & Environment

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GM corn plant incorporated an insecticide protein, called Bt toxin, from Bacillus thuringiensis. toxin is produced in every cell including the pollens Biotechnology & Environment

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M aize Floral Biology © A.K. Chhabra Maize plants shed pollen for up to 14 days Anther dehiscence In tassels Biotechnology & Environment

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The pollen grains are very small, barely visible to the naked eye, light in weight, and easily carried by wind. The wind-borne nature of the pollen and protandry lead to cross-pollination, but there may also be about 5 per cent self-pollination. Out-crossing in maize

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Styles may reach a length of 30 cm, the longest known in the plant kingdom. Style (being unfolded) Style (being unfolded)

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M aize Floral Biology © A.K. Chhabra Styles may reach a length of 30 cm, the longest known in the plant kingdom. Style (unfolded) Cob

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M aize Floral Biology © A.K. Chhabra Stigma is receptive throughout its length and bears stigmatic hairs to receive pollen grains Magnification of style Stigmatic hairs

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Individual maize kernels, or fruit, are unique in that mature seed is not covered by floral bracts (glumes, lemmas, and paleas) as in most other grasses, but rather the entire structure is enclosed and protected by large modified leaf bracts, collectively referred to as the ear Developing kernels Silk attached to each kernel Mature kernels

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massive intoxication of nature. Biotechnology & Environment

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the farmers had been using some other insecticide chemicals over their corn fields. And those chemicals were sprayed all over the field, killing all the sensitive insects, no matter they eat the corn plant or not. Compared to that the Bt corn only kills those insects which feed upon it. Bt toxin is very selective in its action, it is nontoxic not only on animals but also on most of the insects. Moreover, this toxin is degraded as fast as in a day by sunlight. Points that speak in favour of Bt Gene

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Bt corn is a one step forward towards cleaner environment. Some insecticidal sprays are avoided Biotechnology & Environment

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killing of Monarch butterfly larvae by pollens from Bt corn has drawn much attention of the environmentalist Biotechnology & Environment

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Because butterfly belong to the genus Lepidoptera and it is known long since the discovery of the Bt toxin that it kills butterfly larvae. It is a text book knowledge. Let me quote from a textbook “For example, B. thuringiensis susp. kurstaki is toxic to lepidopteran larvae, including moth, butterfly, and skipper larvae, cabbage wormss, and spruce budworms.” Biotechnology & Environment

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Secondly, the larvae in the experiment were forced fed on pollens from Bt corn. They were not given any other choice of food, which is present in the field condition. In the nature the larvae could have just avoided the toxic pollen covered leaves. Thirdly, to make it a case against biotechnology one has to show that this biotechnological toxin is more dangerous than conventional toxins, at least on the monarch butterfly larvae. This has not been done by any of the analysis so far. Biotechnology & Environment

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Raising the monarch butterfly as a symbol against biotechnology, in fact, symbolizes the scientific ignorance and shallow thinking of these environmental activist groups. Biotechnology & Environment

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LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY Biotechnology & Environment

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fear of loss of biodiversity environmentalist Argument: “green revolution” cultivation of few high yielding variety of crops resulted in huge losses in genetic diversity during the green revolution era. “gene revolution” “The use of genetic engineering in agriculture goes hand in hand with the globalization of monoculture farming practices which has been a major factor in the erosion of species diversity.” Biotechnology & Environment

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A point of optimism – since manipulation of plant traits has become much easier now due to advent of genetic engineering it would be possible to create many varieties of useful plants from the diverse naturally occurring varieties thus preserving and increasing the biodiversity. Biotechnology & Environment

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2nd Pugwash Workshop The Impact of Agricultural Biotechnology on Environment and Food SecurityHavana, 1-4 April 2004 Preliminary Agenda Biotechnology & Environment

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Overview of the Benefits and Risks of Genetically-Modified Organisms (GMOs) Impact of Emerging Technologies involving GMOs: Molecular Pharming (transgenic plants producing non-edible industrial chemicals or pharmaceuticals) Biotechnology & Environment

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Current status of the General Principles for short-term and long-term risk assessment of GMOs Agricultural biotechnology technology transfer issues; access by farmers in developing countries Biotechnology & Environment

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Biotechnology & Environment Figure 3: Procedures related to release of genetically modified crops

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Biotechnology & Environment Research Must Go On .........