How to write an abstarct 2011

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How to write an impressive Abstract A.K. Chhabra ABSTRACT WRITING Anatomy of an Abstract Abstracted Joke

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How to write an impressive Abstract Abstracted Joke Abstract writing is an art of precisely placing the components of an article in a proper order without changing the interpretations Click on the definition to understand it

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Long way to go

Writing or Typing an Abstract?:

Writing or Typing an Abstract? Writing or Typing Typing after Writing COPY-PASTE CUT-PASTE ORIGINAL INNOVATIVE WRITING

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Abstract Writing An abstract is a concise summary of a larger document – thesis, essay, book, research report, journal publication, etc. – that highlights major points covered in the work, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, identifies the methodology used, and identifies the findings, conclusions, or intended results. What are Abstracts? BOOK MANUAL E-MANUAL/CD BULLETIN/SYMPOSIA PROCEEDINGS ARTICLE

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For research purposes, an abstract makes it possible for readers to quickly determine the content of a work and decide if the full text should be consulted. With published materials such as journal articles, abstracts are also important tools in an electronic search, based on key words from the body of the text and highlighted in an abstract. For the purposes of the Undergraduate Research Symposium, a well-written abstract helps others, who may not be studying in your discipline, understand the purpose and value of your work; it should be comprehensible on a basic level to the educated non-expert. Why are Abstracts so Important? Abstract Writing ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ABSTRACT full text should be consulted or not (articles are highly priced some times) important tools in an electronic search, based on key words it should be comprehensible on a basic level to the educated non-expert. Link to Workshop Abstracted Joke

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Abstract Writing Equal proportion of all Sampling Important findings are given more or equal space based upon the type of the Abstract ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke

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Abstract Writing Sampling Abstracted Joke

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Relative proportion not much important but the significance of statement is important 9 1 3 2 1/2 1/2 3 3 2 1 Relative proportion important 3 3 2 1 ABSTRACT Example of automatic generation of an ABSTRACT Tools-----Auto summarize rows row rows row rows row OR Article Abstracted Joke

Types of Abstracts:

Types of Abstracts A lthough you'll see two types of abstracts—informative and descriptive— most writers now provide informative abstracts of their work. Descriptive Abstract Informative Abstract Abstracted Joke

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Descriptive Abstract A descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in a piece of writing so the reader can decide whether to read the entire document. In many ways, the descriptive abstract is like a table of contents in paragraph form. Unlike reading an informative abstract, reading a descriptive abstract cannot substitute for reading the document because it does not capture the content of the piece. Nor does a descriptive abstract fulfill the other main goals of abstracts as informative abstracts do. For all these reasons, descriptive abstracts are less and less common . Example ABSTRACT OF A BOOK Abstracted Joke

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Informative Abstract Identifying information (bibliographic citation or other identification of the document) Concise restatement of the main point, including the initial problem or other background Methodology (for experimental work) and key findings Major conclusions A n informative abstract provides detail about the substance of a piece of writing because readers will sometimes rely on the abstract alone for information. Informative abstracts typically follow this format: Informative Abstract-- based on non-experimental work Informative Abstract-- based on experimental work Who has time to read the book !!! Citation Rationale M&M Salient Findings Conclusions Example Abstracted Joke

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Title Authors And affiliations Body of Abstract Keywords Abbreviations Abstracted Joke

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Abstract Writing Uses one or more well-developed paragraphs that are coherent, concise, unified, and able to stand alone; uses an introduction/body/conclusion structure which presents the work’s purpose, methods, results, and conclusions (preferably in that order); strictly follows the chronology of the work; provides logical connections/transitions between the information included; adds no new information, but simply offers a summary; is understandable to a wide audience Qualities of a Good Abstract Jerky/erratic/discontinuous Continuous

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Steps for Writing Effective Abstract 1. Reread or review the research you have completed or are currently working on. Look for the following main parts of the work: purpose (thesis), methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations. Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents to guide your abstract writing. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke

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Steps for Writing Effective Abstract 2. After you’ve finished rereading your work, write a rough draft without looking back through your work. A. Make the abstract easy to read. Use the past tense when describing what was done. However, Use short sentences , but vary sentence structure to avoid choppiness . Use complete sentences . Don’t omit articles or other small words in order to save space. Abbreviation should be written in the expanded form when it appears first in the abstract. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke

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Steps for Writing Effective Abstract 2. Avoid jargon (slang) Jargon is the special vocabulary of a trade or profession used for communicating within that specific field. Jargon should be reserved for a specific, technical audience. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Example Abstracted Joke

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Steps for Writing Effective Abstract Jargon The VDTs in composition were down last week. Revised for general audience : The video display terminals were down last week. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT CMS Cytoplasmic male sterile GA Genetic Advance TV = not a jargon, understood by everyone Abstracted Joke

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Steps for Writing Effective Abstract For science based work, use scientific names instead of local names. Use the same tone and emphasis used in the original. Generally, an abstract is easier to read when the thesis or purpose statement is first or at least, near the beginning of the abstract. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke

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Relative efficiency of RAPD primers for assessment of genetic diversity among chickpea nodulating groups Preeti Verma1, R.S. Waldia, A. K. Chhabra and S.S. Dudeja2 Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, CCSHAU, Hisar Department of Microbiology2, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCSHAU, Hisar Abstract Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) popularly known as gram is the third most important food legume worldwide with major production areas in the Indian sub continent, West Asia and North Africa (WANA). Photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are the most important biological processes existing on earth. Since, nitrogen is one of the major limiting factors responsible for primary production in agro – ecosystems, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) as a result of symbiotic relationship between host legume and rhizobia has the potential to complement heavy fertilizer demands. Genetic improvement of the host plant for increased biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) depends on the extent of genetic variability in the gene pool. Since a good measure of genetic variability for BNF traits such as nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea exists, breeding legume host plants for increased BNF appears to be feasible. Keeping this in view, a set of thirty four RAPD primers was used to examine their relative efficiency to differentiate chickpea genotypes on the basis of their nodulation behavior. Not all the primers performed equally well. Six primers failed altogether to amplify DNA. No single primer was able to distinguish among all the ten chickpea genotypes analyzed. Out of the twenty eight primers successful in DNA amplification, the most informative were OPA – 02, OPC – 08 and OPC – 02. The dendrogram based on primers OPA – 02 and OPC – 08 gave similar results; forming two major clusters or phylogenetic groups, thereby distinguishing the parents from their crosses. These two clusters further formed sub clusters to distinguish non nodulating parents (ICC 4918, ICC 4993) from the nodulating ones (H 96 – 99, HC – 1, HC – 2 and HC – 3) as well as the F1 crosses  of non nodulating desi with high nodulating desi and that of non nodulating kabuli with high nodulating desi were also distinguished. The dendrogram based on primer OPC – 02 successfully out grouped the non nodulating desi genotype ICC 4918 from the rest. The rest of the genotypes were categorized into four different clusters comprising of non nodulating kabuli , high nodulating, medium nodulating parents and F1 crosses. The results show that a combination of these three primers OPA – 02, OPC – 08 and OPC – 02 were sufficient to differentiate among the three nodualting groups and their crosses. Present address of first author: Agricultural Research Station (MPUAT, Udaipur), Ummedganj, P.O. Box # 7, GPO - Nayapura, Kaithun road, Kota (Raj.) 324001 INTRO RATIONALE M&M RESULTS CONCLUSIONS

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Steps for Writing Effective Abstract 3. Be Concise ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Don’t just copy key sentences from your work; you will end up putting in too much or too little information. Don’t rely on the way material was phrased in your larger work; summarize the information in a new way. Avoid repeating information given in the title. Give the information only once. Use standard abbreviations. Be exact Abstracted Joke

Revise your rough draft:

Revise your rough draft Correct weaknesses in organization. Improve transitions. Drop unnecessary information. Add important information you may have left out. Eliminate wordiness. Fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. * Print your final copy before submitting it, and read it again (and aloud) to catch any errors you missed. Reread it after few hours or a day.

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Abstract Writing Do not comment or evaluate the work/research experience. An abstract is not a review or opinion piece. Important Point to Remember Review is the component of discussion

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The past tense should be used Some authors prefer to use present tense for indicative abstracts and past tense for analytic abstracts. Regardless of the tense used, it is recommended to be consistent throughout the abstract. Thus, avoid mixing present, past and future tenses. Past Present Future Past Present Future OR OR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke

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Don't count the words ....... 100-500 words (descriptive-informative) Do not count the words untill you have finished writing it. Reread the abstract to…. expand those points which are over condensed contract any which are over extended ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke

Key Words MUST be given for indexing in journals and on web sites:

Key Words MUST be given for indexing in journals and on web sites ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke online subscription of journals for abstracts

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Online subscription of journals Abstracted Joke

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Online subscription of journals Abstracted Joke

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Online subscription of journals Abstracted Joke

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Abstracted Joke

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Journal Scientific Abstract: ANALYTIC / INFORMATIVE ABSTRACT Abstracted Joke

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Title Authors And affiliations Body of Abstract Keywords Abbreviations Abstracted Joke

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Title Authors And affiliations Body of Abstract Keywords Abbreviations Abstracted Joke

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Abstracted Joke

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Abstracted Joke

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Example of an Abstracted Presentation Abstracted Joke

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Selection Criteria to Assess Disease Tolerance and Pathogenic Variability in Alternaria brassicae in Indian Mustard CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar 125 004 (India) Abstracted Joke

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Materials & Methods Brassica juncea EC-129126-1 RH 781 PHR-1 Varuna Kranti RH 8113 RL 1359 Rajat RH 30 Pusabold PR-8805 RC 781 ZEM-1 Shiva I Week - October 15 days later E2 E2 Disease Controlled Environment Disease Controlled Environment 30 cm 5 cm 5 cm E1 E1 4.00 m Disease Stress Environment Disease Stress Environment 10 cm 10 cm RH 30 (INFECTOR ROW) E1 E1 E2 E2 Candida & A. brassicae inoculum fungicidal spray Abstracted Joke

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Materials & Methods Brassica juncea EC-129126-1 RH 781 PHR-1 Varuna Kranti RH 8113 RL 1359 Rajat RH 30 Pusabold PR-8805 RC 781 ZEM-1 Shiva Candida & A. brassicae inoculum fungicidal spray A B C D Abstracted Joke

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Group A: uniform superiority in both environments Group B: superior only in no disease stress environment Group C: genotypes yielding relatively higher in disease stress envt. Group D: genotypes poor in both environments Optimal Selection Criteria should distinguish Group A from the other three groups Selection Criteria Abstracted Joke

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Harmful organism Recognition by resistance protein Signal to cell nucleus Genetic material Defense Response Defense protein Outside plant cell Inside plant cell Diagram of a plant disease resistance protein in action. A portion of the protein (MAROON) lies outside the cell and specifically recognises the harmful organism. The remaining portion of the protein (RED) resides inside the cell and communicates a signal to the plant’s genetic material, which in turn stimulates a defense response against the invading organism.

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© A.K. Chhabra How DNA/Gene produces phenotypes Transcription Translation Protein Synthesis End

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Interphase Metaphase

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ATCTATC AACGAGC AACGAGC ATCTATC ATCTATC + - ATCTATC SSCPs Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism Asymmetric PCR Less Concentration More Concentration Target Gene ds DNA ds DNA with different sequence Will Yield ss DNA. DNAs of same length with different nucleotide sequence would also show polymorphism due to formation of secondary and tertiary structures. This is otherwise not possible using dsDNA It can be used with short DNA fragments Only . Can detect variation between the fragments of equal molecular weights. 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8% 0.6%

TRANSGENIC-GENETIC MALE STERILITY:

TRANSGENIC-GENETIC MALE STERILITY A.K. Chhabra Professor Genetics and plant breeding Ccshau , hisar

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Barnase gene…produces RNAse Barnase gene…produces RNAse Bar gene TA29 Barnase gene Tissue specific (tapetum layer) promoter Herbicide Resistance (Phosphinothricin) (Gene construct) Endothecium Middle layer Tapetum Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Tapetum degenerates PMCs/pollen become sterile BARNASE-BARSTAR SYSTEM TRANSGENIC GENETIC MALE STERILITY PRINCIPLE PMCs

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Tapetum persistant PMCs/pollen are fertile Barnase gene…produces RNAse Barstar gene Bar gene TA29 Barnase gene Tissue specific (tapetum layer) promoter Herbicide Resistance (Phosphinothricin) (Gene construct) Inhibits RNAse Endothecium Middle layer Tapetum Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BARNASE-BARSTAR SYSTEM TRANSGENIC GENETIC MALE STERILITY PRINCIPLE PMCs

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Barnase gene…produces RNAse Barstar gene (fertility restorer) Bar gene TA29 Barnase gene Tissue specific (tapetum layer) promoter Herbicide Resistance (Phosphinothricin) (Gene construct) Inhibits RNAse Endothecium Middle layer Tapetum Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Tapetum degenerates PMCs/pollen become sterile Tapetum persistant PMCs/pollen are fertile BARNASE-BARSTAR SYSTEM TRANSGENIC GENETIC MALE STERILITY PRINCIPLE Dominant male sterility Barstar-Barnase interaction (binding) PMCs

Research work done and future plans:

Research work done and future plans  S ATX 623  F RTX 432 X F2 F1 F3 Selection of fertile plants from segregating progenies, partial fertile and partial sterile plants are rejected Male sterile selected Completed by: 1997-98 Bulk segregating analysis using AFLP technique Selection of co-segregating markers (parents & bulks) Confirmation at individual plant level Marker-assisted selection Mapping of markers on linkage maps Completed: 1998-99 Selection of superior male parents with diverse genetic background from germplasm for hybrid development Initiated 1999-2000 Transfer of Rf1 gene To otherwise superior B-lines to construct Improved restorer lines Map-based cloning Genetic Engineering Superior/Improved Hybrids Farmer’s fields Future Plan: Proposed Collaborative Project

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Morphological traits Plant Height Days to 50% flowering Days to maturity Effective tillers/plant Ear length Ear girth Grain Yield/plant Seed density Seed size Fat content(%) C-Glycosylflavones Fat acidity Free fatty acid Peroxide value Peroxidase activity FLOUR Pearl Millet Stored at 40 o C Ambient RH (75%) 10 days Sniff Test Rancidity Score 0-10 Rancidity Develops 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 No to very low Rancid Low Rancid Medium Rancid High Rancid Nil 10 52 10 No. of genotypes 72 genotype 72 genotype 20 genotypes contrasting for rancidity score Biochemical parameters Positive Significant Correlations r=0.5974** r=0.5886** r=0.5599* Total phenols No significant correlation FLOW CHART OF WORK DONE IN PEARL MILLET RANCIDITY Peroxidase causes oxidation, thus reduction of total phenols and c-glycosylflavones that leads to rancidity of flour. Thus more the activity of peroxidase along with higher amount of total phenols and c-glycosylflavones would be required for rancidity to occur. Total phenols and c-glycosylflavones alone can not cause rancidity in the flour.

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http://writing.colostate.edu/index.cfm Abstracted Joke

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Abstract Writing General Writing Easy Writer : A Pocket Guide, Andrea Lunsford & Robert Connors (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997). Stunk’s The Elements of Style : http://www.bartleby.com/141/ Garbl’s Writing Center : http://www.bartleby.com/141/ The Writer’s Workshop : http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/index.htm Diane Hacker, Research & Documentation: http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/hacker/resdoc/ Writing Abstracts: http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/bizwrite/abstracts.html Additional Resources:

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June 20, 2005 Behl, Lokesh, Chhabra, Singh, Narula 60 PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE IN WHEAT P P © A.K. Chhabra 2008 H 2 PO 4 - H 2 PO 4 - Importance of P Rationale P-absorption by wheat P-Distribution in Wheat Enhancing P-efficiency Selection of P-responsive genotypes Integrated Approach Conclusions Last Slide END SHOW Integrated strategy to enhance P availability One of the best approaches to increase the availability of native ‘P’ to wheat is the integrated use of inorganic P sources through highly soluble fertilizers coupled with application of biofertlizers such as Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and rhizobacteria like Azotobacter , Azospirrilum which in turn solublize / mobalize the sparingly soluble phosphate components in the soil . DNA Marker Phytohormones are released Photosynthesis synthesizes carbohydrates

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THANKS END Abstracted Joke

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Abstracted Jokes Waran Playing Chess Costliest Brain

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Article Abstracted Joke INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS INTERPRETATIONS / FUTURE STRATEGIES

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Abstract Abstracted Joke Go to slide no. 3

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Abstract Abstracted Joke Go to slide no. 3