morphology of fruits

Morphology of fruits : 

A mature or ripened ovary formed after fertilization is called fruit. Morphology of fruits

Parts of Fruits : 

Parts of Fruits

Types of Fruits : 

Types of Fruits True fruits Ovary of the flowers grows into the fruit. Peudocarp It is often found that other floral parts such as thalamus, receptacle or calyx, may grow and form a part of fruit.

Types of the fruits : 

Types of the fruits If the ovules don’t get fertilized, the seedless fruits are formed. Depending upon the number of carpels present in the flowers, the classification of fruits are as follows.

Simple fruits : 

Simple fruits One fruit from single ovary Depending upon mesocarp, they are dry or fleshy. Mesocarp we eat.

Dry fruit : 

Dry fruit 3 types Dehiscent Indehiscent Schiozocarpic

Dehiscent : 

Dehiscent Split open when ripe Burst to liberate the seeds. Legume/pod Dry monocarpellary, burst from both sutures e.g. Pea Capsule Dry more chambered fruit e.g. Lady’s finger Follicle Dry monocarpellary, burst from one suture e.g. Anise Siliqua Bicarpellary, burst by two margins. e.g. Radish

Dry fruit: IndehiscentSingle carpelDoes not split when ripe : 

Dry fruit: IndehiscentSingle carpelDoes not split when ripe Achene monocarpellary, free from pericarp Cannabis, rose. Nut Bi or polycarpellary Enclosed by pericarp (leathery in chestnut, woody in walnut)

Indehiscent : 

Indehiscent Caryopsis Monocarpellary ovary. Pericarp Fused with seed coat. Rice, maize Cypsela Bicarpellary, free pericarp and seed coat free Sunflower, cosmos. Samara Tricarpellary, one /two seeded fruit flattened wing like out growth Dioscorea.

Schizocarpic/splitting fruits : 

Schizocarpic/splitting fruits Intermediate between dehiscent and indehiscent Bi or polycarpellary ovary Hard and woody pericarp Lomentum No. of One seeded compartments e.g. Ground nut Cremocarp Two chambered fruit e.g. Fennel Double Samara Two samaras splits into wing and seed e.g. Maple Regma Tricarpellary, splits away from central axis e.g. Castor Carcerulus Bicarpellary, fruit enclosed in calyx, splits into four each wit seed e.g. Ocimum

Fleshy fruits : 

Fleshy fruits Drupe Berry Pome Pepo Hesperidium Balausta

Fleshy fruit: DrupesOne seeded or more seededSeed within stony endocarp : 

Fleshy fruit: DrupesOne seeded or more seededSeed within stony endocarp Peach, plum, apricot, cherry Skin = exocarp Eat mesocarp Pit = endocarp Almond Mesocarp dries and separates Endocarp is hard to soft Eat seed

Fleshy fruit: BerriesOne pistil (carpel) One or many seed : 

Fleshy fruit: BerriesOne pistil (carpel) One or many seed Four fused carpels Tomato, brinjal, grapes

Fleshy fruit: PomesLeathery carpelsEdible portion is receptacle : 

Fleshy fruit: PomesLeathery carpelsEdible portion is receptacle Two or more carpellary with inferior ovary Apple, pear

Fleshy fruit: Pepos : 

Fleshy fruit: Pepos HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production Inferior flower, > 1 carpel Receptacle surrounds pericarp to form rind Watermelon Cucumber Squash Pumpkin

Fleshy fruit: Hesperidium : 

Fleshy fruit: Hesperidium Many carpellary with superiour ovary Fused mesocarp Orange, lemon Fleshy fruit: Balausta Many chambered, many seeded Tough pericarp with red or white seed Pomegranate

Aggregate fruit : 

Aggregate fruit Collection of simple fruit developed from a flower having no. of free carpels, ripen toghter, less maturity called aggregate fruit. Known as ‘Etaerio’ Etaerio of drupes e.g. raspberry Etaerio of achenes e.g. Strawberry Etaerio of follicle e.g. Aconitum Etaerio of berries e.g. custard-apple

Multiple/composite fruit : 

Multiple/composite fruit Composed of a number of closely associated flowers aggregate together is called multiple fruit. Sorosis Developing from spike in which flowers fused by sepals and becomes woody. Pineapple Syconus Developing from hypanthodium, pear-shaped which encloses number of minute male and female flowers. Banyan, peepul, fig.

False fruits : 

False fruits Sometimes, a part from the ovary, the other floral parts like thalamus, receptacle or calyx grow and form the part of the fruit and such as fruits is known as false fruit or pseudocarp. E.g. Strawberry-thalamus Cashew nut-peduncle and thalamus Apple-thalamus Marking nut-peduncle Rose-thalamus

Morphology of seeds : 

After fertilization a series of changes takes place in the ovule and as a result the seed is formed. Morphology of seeds

Seeds Structures : 

Seeds Structures

A Dicotyledons seeds : 

A Dicotyledons seeds Parts of exalbuminous seeds E.g. Gram, Pea, Country bean, Gourd, Tamarid, Mango, etc. Seed coat: inner layer is tegmen and outlayer is testa which are provided with hilum, micropyle and raphe. The embryo lying within consists of an axil and two fleshy cotyledons laden with food materil. Hypocotyl gives rise to root. Epicotyl gives rise to shoot.

A Monocotyledonous seed : 

A Monocotyledonous seed Parts of albumious seeds E.g. wheat, rice, maize, onion, palm etc.