LIQUID CRYSTALINE SYSTEMS CHATAP

LIQUID CRYSTALLINE SYSTEM: 

LIQUID CRYSTALLINE SYSTEM

PowerPoint Presentation: 

CONTENT Introduction 2 .What is Liquid crystal ? 3. Classification of Liquid crystal 4.Method of characterization of LCs 5.Application of Liquid Crystal 6.Referances 2

INTRODUCTION:: 

INTRODUCTION: Liquid crystals form from organic compounds and is thought of as the phase of matter between the solid and liquid state of a crystal. This phenomena was discovered in 1888 by Austrian chemist Frederich Reinitzer . Intermediate state of mesophases & halfway between isotropic liquid &solid crystal. In solid crystal, basic unit display translational long range order, with center of molecule located on crystal lattice &display orientational order. 3

PowerPoint Presentation: 

In isotropic liquid, basic unit do not preset positional or orientational long rang order. In plastic crystal ,located on lattice but without any orientational order. In LCs,basic unit display orientational order & even positional order along same direction. LCs,phases represent intermediate stages called mesophases . Molecule that form mesophases called mesogen . 4

PowerPoint Presentation: 

5 The three states of mater solid liquid gas Which state is a soap bubble in?

PowerPoint Presentation: 

6 The fourth state of mater… e.g.: ice -> water e.g.: cholesteryl benzoate heat 0 o C heat heat 145.5 o C 178.5 o C Fredrich Reinitzer, Otto Lehmann, 1888 The new liquid state showed birefringence! Orientational order but no positional order!

PowerPoint Presentation: 

7 Is liquid crystal more like solid or liquid ? Latent heat: the energy required to cause phase transition. H 2 O 80 cal/g of ice -> water, 540 cal/g water -> steam. Cholesteryl myristate: 65 cal/g of solid -> LC, 7 cal/g LC- liquid.

What is Liquid Crystal?: 

What is Liquid Crystal? Solid Phase Molecules with both orientation and positional orders, and are held to each other strongly Liquid Phase Molecules with no orientation and positional orders, but are held together by weak intermolecular forces Gas Phase No ordering, no intermolecular attraction 8

PowerPoint Presentation: 

9 A state that occurs between a solid & a liquid Possess properties characteristics of both liquids & crystalline solids Also possess properties not found in either liquids or solids May response to external perturbations & some changes colour with temperature

Liquid Crystal Phase:: 

Liquid Crystal Phase: A fluid phase in which a liquid crystal flows and will take the shape of its container. It differs from liquid that there are still some orientational order possessed by the molecules. 10

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Liquid Crystalline Systems Thermotropic Lyotropic Nematic Smectic Cholesteric Intrinsic Extrinsic CLASSIFICATION: 11

PowerPoint Presentation: 

12 Types of liquid crystals

PowerPoint Presentation: 

1.THERMOTROPIC: Phase transition depend on temperature Temp increases, first LCs phase is smectic A &layer like arrangement & rotational motion of molecule. Further increase temp lead to nematic phase , molecule rapidly diffuse out of initial lattice structure & form layer like arrangement . At highest Temp, material become isotropic liquid where motion of molecule changes again. 13

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Long range orientation order but no positional order. Preferred direction is known as director. Molecules in this phase are long and rod-like in shape. They are free to move in space. Phase Structure change in number way e.g.. electric or magnetic field or treatment of surface of sample container. 14 A) Nematic phase:

PowerPoint Presentation: 

This phase is composed of nematic molecules in a helical structure about the layer normal. The distance that it takes for the molecules to complete one turn is called the pitch. first LC through polarizing microscope is cholesteryl benzoate.eg cholesteric LC at 147° c & isotropic 186° c. It great potential uses following drug delivery, sensors, Thermometer, fashion fabrics that change color with Temp, display devices 15 B) Cholesteric/chiral nematic LCs :

PowerPoint Presentation: 

16 Structure of this LC depend on pitch, which is distance over director makes one complete turn. one pitch comprises several hundred nanometer. pitch affected by following :Temp, pressure, electric & magnetic field. In cholesteric phase, there is orientation order & no positional order, but director is in helical order.

Structure of a chiral nematic phase: 

Structure of a chiral nematic phase 17 The director rotates about a horizontal axis. The distance for one full rotation is called a pitch .

CLASSIFICATION:: 

CLASSIFICATION: Types of cholesteric LCs: Intrinsic cholesteric: obtained by adding a chiral amphiphilic molecule to nematic lyotropic LC. Molecule take part in micellar structure as nonchiral amphiphile. 18

CLASSIFICATION:: 

CLASSIFICATION: Extrinsic cholesteric obtained by adding a chiral nonamphiphilic molecule to nematic lyotropic. Depending on electrostatic characteristics of molecule , it can accommodated either in inner or outer part of micelle. 19

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Occurs at temp below nematic or cholesteric phase. Not positional order are destroyed when crystal melts to form a smectic LC & these are useful in drug delivery. Different smectic distinguished on basis of arrangements with varying temp. This phase can be reached at lower temperatures than the nematic phase. Molecules align themselves in layers. (They are restricted to their plane.) More order and higher viscosity C) SMECTIC PHASE:

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Phase transitions occurs with increasing temp e.g.. crystalline to smectic C to smectic A to nematic to isotropic or crystalline to nematic to isotropic. example of phase changes: Solid 74˚c Smectic C 94˚ c. Nematic 124˚ c isotropic 21

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Smectic A phase: Director perpendicular to the plane Smectic C phase: director makes an angle with the plane 22

CLASSIFICATION:: 

CLASSIFICATION: 2)LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTAL: Phase transition depend on Temp and Conc. When two different substances are mixed together, the mixture can exhibit different phases not only as the temperature is changed, but also as the concentration of one component of the mixture is varied. Example: a molecule that has end groups with different properties (one is hydrophobic and the other is hydrophilic). 23

CLASSIFICATION:: 

CLASSIFICATION: Lyotropic liquid crystal differ from thermotropic LCs, form by mesogen and by associate hydrate and solvate molecule. Hydration, solvation are rod shaped molecule result in different geometries such as cone and cylinder. Cylindrical arrange in layer, result in laminar phase by altering polar, non polar layer. 24

PowerPoint Presentation: 

25

PowerPoint Presentation: 

26

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Fig. 1)Cubic Lyotropic LCs 2) Lamellar Lyotropic LCs 27

Phases of amphiphilic molecules : 

Phases of amphiphilic molecules 28

Discotic Liquid Crystals: 

Discotic Liquid Crystals Disc-like molecules The axis perpendicular to the molecules tends to orient along a specific direction 29 nematic Columar discotic (smectic discotic ) The molecules tend to position themselves in column

: Criteria for a molecule being liquid crystalline:: 

: Criteria for a molecule being liquid crystalline: The molecule must be elongated in shape-length should be significantly greater than its width. Molecule must have some rigidity in its central region. The ends of the molecule are somewhat flexible. 30

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs:: 

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs: 1.TRANMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY: Due to high magnification power electron microscope , microstructure of LCs can be visualized. Aqueous sample do not survive high vacuum of electron microscope with out loss of water & their microstructure changes. Therefore special techniques of sample preparation necessary which is freeze fracture. 31

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs: 

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs 2. X RAY SCATTERING: Interfererences pattern arises due to distances of Interlayer spacing “d”. Braggs equation ,d calculate :d=n( /2)sin Where d =wavelength of x ray. n=integer & denotes under of Interference. =angle under which interference occurs. 32

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs: 

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs Large ‘d’ in region of long range order are register by small angle x ray diffraction tech. Small ‘d’ in region of short range order register by wide angle x ray diffraction tech. SAXD important for exact ‘d’ determination. 33

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs:: 

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs: 3. RHEOLOGY: Different LCs are rheological prop. Which increase in microstructure LCs, it’s consistency increases & flow become more viscous. Low flow ability of lyotropic LCs such cubic, hexagonal due to 3&2 dimensional order. Lamellar mesophases are one dimensional long range has high flowability due to gel character , cubic & hexagonal mesophases exhibit stress until flow occur . 34

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs:: 

METHOD FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LCs: 4.DETECTION OF VESICLE SIZE BY LASER LIGHT SCATTERING: Quick method ,applied for particle >1m. Rayleigh's theory hold for particles <200nm , which consider scattering intensity to proportional to sixth potency of particle diameter. Scattering intensity depends on scattering angle, absorption & size of particle as well as refractive indices of both particle & dispersion medium. 35

APPLICATION OF LIQUID CRYSTAL:: 

APPLICATION OF LIQUID CRYSTAL : 1) Liquid crystalline formulation for topical use: Amphilic excipient form lyotropic LCs, surfactant use as emulsifier which form micelles after dissolved in solvent ,conc. Increases form LCs. 2) Surfactant gel: Monophasic system of lyotropic LCs are used limited to gel. High surfactant conc. form density packed & identified as cubic LCs. 36

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Gel agitated mechanically , elastic prop. Evident , because of resonance effect in audible range called as ‘ringing gels’. Ringing gel used in topical NSAID formation. 3)Ointment & cream: Surfactant conc. In this lower than in gel. Ointment non a.q preparation & cream are ointment in water added. microstructure of both consist of LCs & its network or matrix formed by amphiphilic molecule. 4) Liposome dispersions for installation into lung: Liposomal formation consist of surfactant, which coats mucosa of bronchi & prevents collapse of alveolar of lung , has developed for patient suffer from infant respiratory distress syndrome. 37

PowerPoint Presentation: 

5) Transdermal patch: Patch contain drug substance in reservoir form which drug release controlled manner. This patch disadvantage are dose dumping occur in membrane damage during handling. LCs vehicle with lamellar structure used reservoir due to high solubilization capacity. 6) Sustained release form solid,semisolis and liquid formulation : Sustained formulation it have developed reduce application frequency. LCs excipient appropriate candidate because in LCs vehicle drug diffusion is reduced by factor of 10-1000 in comparison with liquid vehicle such as a solution 38

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Semisolid formulation : Solubilization of drug substance LCs vehicles results in semisolid formulation which is used for topical application. Solid formulation: For the sustained drug release may contain mesogenic polymer as excipient which form matrix, which usually compressed into tablet. 7) LCs in Cosmetics: LCs used for decorative purpose in cosmetic Cholesteric LCs suitable because of there iridescent color effect and find application for nail varnishes, eye shadow and lipstick. 39

References:: 

References: Encyclopedia of pharnmaceutical technology, second edition Volume three, Edited by James Swarbrick , James C. Boylan page no. 834-851 Physical pharmacy fourth edition edited by Alfred Martin, Pilar Bustamante, page 36-37. Bentelyes textbook of pharmaceutics forth edition edited by E.A.Rawlins page no.59-69. The Cooper and Gunn’s “Dispensing Pharmacy”, 6 th edition ,CBS publisher and distributors NEW DELHI,page no.126. 40

PowerPoint Presentation: 

Thank You! 41