Anglais

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Simple m echanisms can e xplain social learning in domestic dog ( Canis familiaris ) Mersmann & al, 2011 Duranton Charlotte Toussaint Séverine Je vais faire une image de mes chiens qui regardent à travers un grillage pour illustrer en accueil ^^ Voire une avec le test de la serviette si j’y arrive ^^

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INTRODUCTION Social learning in dog is very studied by ethologists , especially in inter- specific context , with a human demonstrator . Ici je propose qu’on fasse donc un bref énoncé de la place des études sur l’apprentissage social chez le chien, mais assez rapide, car après pour les définitions ce sera plus long

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DEFINITIONS Social Learning : T he presence of another individual acts to either increase motivation or decrease fear for the observer. Because of t he presence of A, B is more likely to learn a similar act . Simple mechanisms : the observer doesn’t really learn a new act - Complex mecanisms : the observer learn some new act Donc la j’ai fait une partie sur les définitions des différents types s’apprentissages, car je pense que sinon les gens vont être complètement largué, et puis comme c’est mis dans l’intro de l’article, c’est bon je pense ^^

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Local Enhancement : Drawing attention to a particular locale in the environnement. Stimulus enhancement : Attention is drawn to an object or part of an object , irrespective of its location. Response facilitation : it An action that has already been part of the observer’s repertoire will be more likely to occur if the obersver sees another individual gaining a reward while performing this action. DEFINITIONS : SIMPLE MECHANISMS

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Emulation : Imitation : Mimicry : To copy the demonstrator’s actions without understanding the demonstrator’s goals. DEFINITIONS : COMPLEX MECHANISMS J’ai pas encore fini de trouver les définitions, mais on le fera ensemble ^^

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QUESTIONS & HYPOTHESES If dogs use local enhancement , they will pay more attention to the one end of the fence that is highlighted by a demonstrator (locus). So as dogs pay more attention to the demonstrated end (locus), they should detour around the same end. If dogs use stimulus enhancement , they would show an improved performance by generalising , causing them to detour around either end of the fence (stimulus). If dogs use emulation , they should only benefit from demonstrations providing actions, goals and results that are congruent with those of the dog to solve the experimental problem . So If emulation is involved , dogs shouln’dt benefit from a partial demonstration of the solution. J’ai juste mis les phrases issues du texte, on reformulera de façon plus simple pour le power point

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EXPERIMENT 1 : DETOUR TASK Methods : 54 dogs of various breeds Older than 1 year Not fed 2 hours prior to the test Owners were absent during the test

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Group 1 Group 2 Control Group Group 3

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EXPERIMENT 1 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION U-tests Median +/- quartiles Significative differences between Control Group and all the other groups.

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EXPERIMENT 1 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Récapitulatif, conclusion et discussion à partir de ce qu’il y aura dans le paragraphe discussion

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EXPERIMENT 2A : TOWEL TASK Methods 62 dogs of various breeds Older than 1 year Not fed 2 hours prior to the test Owners were absent during the test One dog served as the demonstrator for all subjects in the dog demonstration and control conditions. An unfamiliar woman to all dogs served as human demonstrator in the human demonstration group.

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EXPERIMENT 2A : METHODS

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Group 1 : Muzzle demonstration

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Group 2 : Paw demonstration

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Group 3 : Human demonstration

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Control Group

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EXPERIMENT 2A : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION U-tests Median +/- quartiles No significative differences between all the groups, neither for the overall succes (p=0,614), nor for the latency before success (p=0,141 for the first and p=0,654 for the second success ).

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No significative differences between all the groups for the part of the body used by dogs (p=0,137). EXPERIENCE 2A : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Female dog were significantly more successfull than male dog as attempting the towel task (p=0,022).

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EXPERIENCE 2A : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Récapitulatif, conclusion et discussion à partir de ce qu’il y aura dans le paragraphe discussion

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EXPERIMENT 2B : TOWEL TASK Methods The same method but with the dogs’ owner as demonstrator. Increasing the number of demonstrations Only used female dogs as subjects, as they were more successful in the precedent test. 30 female dogs of various breeds Older than 1 year Not fed 2 hours prior to the test Owners were absent during the test Owner demonstration group : The same condition as the group 3 on experiment 2A Control group : The owner just place the food in front of the basket, and tapped on the towel twice (stimulus enhancement ).

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EXPERIENCE 2B: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No significative differences between the two groups, neither for the overall success (p=0,336), nor for the latency before the first success (p=0,48). U-tests Median +/- quartiles

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EXPERIENCE 2B: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Récapitulatif, conclusion et discussion à partir de ce qu’il y aura dans le paragraphe discussion

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CONCLUSION Dogs are as successful in solving the problem after seeing a partial demonstration by an object than seeing a complete demonstration by a dog, a unknown human, or even their owner. These results suggest that stimulus enhancement (or affordance learning) might be a powerful social learning mechanism used by dogs.