slide 1: Water Pollution Prevention
and Control of Thailand
Chao Nokyoo Ph.D.
Director of Inland Water Quality Division
Water Quality Management Bureau
Pollution Control Department Thailand
www.pcd.go.th
2018 Taipei International Water Environment Forum Taipei Water Expo : August 30
th
September 1
st
2018 Regent
Hotel Taipei Taiwan. http://www.taipeiwater2018.com/
slide 2: Contents 1
1. Pollution Control Department
2. Water Quality Management Bureau
3. National Water Vision
4. National Economic and Social Development
Plans
5. Water Quality of Thailand
slide 3: 1.
1992
slide 5: • Responsibilities
Water pollution control management including
–Establishing policy
–Developing strategic plans and water
quality standards
–Monitoring water quality of the
Kingdoms water resources
2.
slide 7: 3. National Water Vision
“By the year 2025 Thailand will have
sufficient water of good quality for all
users through an efficient management
organizational and legal system that
would ensure equitable and sustainable
utilization of its water resources with due
consideration on the quality of life and
the participation of all stakeholders”
slide 8: 4. National Economic and Social
Development Plan
• Objectives
1. Stimulate integrated water
management to support sustainable
food and energy security and alleviate
floods and droughts
2. Improve resources to increase the supply
in potential water storage areas
slide 9: 3. Promote efficient cost-effective and
environmentally sound water use
4. Formulate a systematic water resource
infrastructure master plan for domestic
consumption.
slide 10: • Targets
1. Create a more pleasant environment by
reducing the pollution and threats to health from
development.
2. Regulate water quality in at least 80
percent of the main water sources and major
rivers restore coastal water quality in the
inner Gulf of Thailand
3. Bring air quality in urban and industrial
areas up to health standards and maintain this
level
4. Aim to dispose of 50 percent of total solid
waste in a sanitary fashion and recycle at least 30
percent of trash.
slide 11: 5. Water Quality of Thailand
• The results of water-quality monitoring program
showed that most receiving waters were still
compiled with the national water quality
standards.
• However rivers in populated areas were polluted
due to the excessive discharges of wastewater
from various point sources.
• Thus mitigation measures such as construction of
wastewater treatment plants solid waste
management agricultural waste management
industrial waste control and management of other
pollution sources are required.
slide 13: 67 32.5
0.5
slide 14: Contents 2
6. Policy on Water Pollution Control
7. Water Quality Management
7.1 Wastewater treatment and disposal
7.2 Waste minimization
7.3 Cleaner production
7.4 Legal framework
7.5 Institutional and financial arrangement
7.6 Monitoring and enforcement
7.7 Cooperation with related agencies and local communities
7.8 River Basin Management Approach
8. Conclusions and Recommendations
8.1 Conclusion
8.2 Recommendations
slide 15: 6.
slide 17: 7. Water Quality Management
7.1 Wastewater treatment and disposal
– The Government of Thailand has made
significant progress in collection and
treatment of urban wastewater over the
past decade.
– However only small portion of total urban
wastewater generated in Thailand is
treated.
slide 21: 7.2 Waste minimization
– Waste minimization is the process to identify
various techniques at the pollution sources.
This method is included waste recycle and
reuse.
– Some areas have been applied treated
wastewater to land application and
agricultural fields.
– Some factories have used treated water in
the cooling system.
– However there is recently no enforcement of
this aspect. Only campaign and
reinforcement are practicing.
slide 22: 7.3 Cleaner production
– The term of “cleaner production” encompasses all
phase of production process and product life cycle
Aziz 1996.
– The Royal Thai Government is now developing the
National Cleaner Production Plan from 2001.
– The vision of the plan states that “Principle of
cleaner production will be applied to all activities
with efficiency for the achievement of protection
reduction and control of pollution national
resources and environmental management quality
of life with benefits from the country’s development”.
slide 23: 7.4 Legal framework
– In the year 1992 Thailand has its environmental law called “The
Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental
Quality Act". Wastewater management before the time of the
1992 Act was mainly under responsibility of two departments:
the Industrial Works Department Ministry of Industry and the
Public Works Department Ministry of Interior. After 1992 the
Pollution Control Department PCD and the Office of
Environmental Policy and Planning OEPP under the Ministry of
Science Technology and Environment MOSTE have started to
be involved in wastewater management by undertaking national
and regional water quality management planning and facilitating
local authorities for their responsibilities of their own
wastewater management.
– Thailand has adopted a “command and control approach”
based on European and American pollution control model with
the establishment of effluent standards and their subsequently
enforcement.
After 2004 the Pollution Control Department PCD under the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment MONRE
slide 24: • In order to control and manage water quality problem in
Thailand the regulations can be grouped into three
categories as follows:
1 The application on environmental impact assessment
EIA for determination the impact and mitigation plan
for development projects with various types and sizes
such as dam with storage volume of 100 million cubic
meters or more irrigation project of 12800 hectares or
more hotel or resort with 80 rooms or more thermal
power plant with capacity of 10 MW or more all size of
mining etc.
2 The ambient water quality standard and classification
based on water quality situation socio-economic
aspects and availability of treatment technologies
3 The establishment and application of effluent
standards such as industrial effluent standards domestic
effluent standards effluent standards for pig farms and
fish/shrimp farms etc.
slide 29: 7.5 Institutional and financial arrangement
Environmental fund was established by collecting from
various sources: Fuel Oil Fund Revolving Fund for
Environmental Development and Quality of Life
service fees and penalties collected by virtue of the
Enhancement and Environmental Quality Promotion
Act 1992 grants from the government donation and
others. The Fund can be used to control water quality
problem under the following strategies:
− Grants to government agency or local administration
for investment in and operation on the central
treatment plant
− Loans to local government or state enterprise for
making available of wastewater treatment facilities
− Aids or grants to support any activity concerning the
promotion and conservation of environmental quality
slide 30: 7.6 Monitoring and enforcement
– Water quality monitoring program plays an important role in
water resource management.
– Water quality monitoring consists of data and sample analysis
performed by using acceptable protocols.
– Monitoring includes analysis of data to support decision
makers.
– Under new environmental regulation The Enhancement and
Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act 1992
there are two types of monitoring programs: effluent and
receiving water quality monitoring.
– The owner or possessor of point sources of pollution is
required for the collection of statistics and data the making
notes and reports of the effluent monitoring program.
– The monitoring of receiving water quality is done by the
government agencies to maintain the quality of waters and to
produce the state of annual water quality report for the
country.
slide 31: 7.7 Cooperation with related agencies and
local communities
– Cooperation is an important and practicable
approach for water quality management because
pollution problems are usually related to a
number of agencies and local communities.
– The Pollution Control Department has cooperated
with related agencies to solve specific problems
such as the establishment of working group to
monitor wastewater discharges from pollution
sources.
slide 32: 7.8 River Basin Management Approach
– New directions for urban water quality management
are being considered based upon assimilative capacity
of receiving waters budget availability and prioritized
projects within basin-wide approach.
– The most flexible means of water quality management
are being practiced such as simulation models
geographic information systems and database
management systems.
– Waste loads allocation is being considered depending
on assimilative capacity of water body and guidelines
to attain receiving water quality standards. Thus river
basin management approach is being practices such
as in the Thachin River Basin. The details can be found
at the Web Site http://welcome.to/thachin.
slide 33: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
8.1 Conclusion
1 Currently surface water quality in most part of Thailand
can be considered to be in fair condition while some
rivers flowing through large communities are in poor
condition. Water quality problems are affected by
domestic and industrial wastewater discharges
agricultural point and non-point source discharges
deforestation and development projects. In many parts
of the country surface water is severely polluted which
has affected aquatic resources water uses for various
proposes as well as human health. Enforcement of
relating regulations has to be seriously practiced. To
manage water quality in the whole watershed
integrated approaches should be taken into account in
future such as the ecosystem approach. Public
participation should also be promoted.
slide 34: 2 Thai government has launched many projects to resolve
these problems few of these attempted to take a basin-
wide approach. Most actions to date have been local in
nature with the result that water quality continues to
deteriorate in the river. Currently the most urgent water
quality problems relate to dissolved oxygen depletion or
excessive organic loads and high loadings of ammonia and
bacteria primarily from agricultural and domestic sources.
The government has put in place policies plans and water
quality standards in an effort to combat the problem and
has embarked on an ambitious program for the
management of water pollution generated from various
sources especially municipal sources. But a lack of an
integrated approach combined with laws that are not
enforced weak capacity insufficient investment and poor
operations and maintenance systems have exacerbated the
problem. Limited community participation and low
involvement of the private sector has further pushed the
onus on the government.
slide 35: 8.2 Recommendations
To maintain and improve water quality in major
rivers in Thailand the following recommendations
should be considered:
– Since many pollution problems occurred as a result of
improper land use in the basin. Regional water quality
planning at the basin level is required because it provides
logical areas for water quality management. The basin is a
natural system with readily identified boundary. The basin
approach for water quality management should be
applied because it highlights the connection between
land water and people. Water quality is impacted by
population growth industrial development agricultural
production and urbanization and development. This
approach incorporates on both point and non-point
sources of pollution control. Thus the implementation of
basin-wide total pollutant loads controls should be
considered.
slide 36: - Waste load allocation should be applied to management
wastewater discharges from various sources of
pollution. This depends on the assimilative capacity of
the receiving water body and guidelines to attaining
receiving water quality standards.
- Economic instrument for water pollution control
should be applied. These instruments can provide
incentives that will result in a changed behavior of
water users and polluters such as pricing tax etc.
- The government should promote public participation on
water quality management. Partnership program
between government agencies and public or private
sector should also be developed. This will help
government agencies to implement the water quality
action plan.
slide 37: - To address water pollution Thailand should develop an
integrated approach for water resources management.
This will involve:
- Fostering local community participation in water
resources management
- harmonizing functions and regulations by addressing
overlaps in institutions and jurisdiction
- Improving the efficiency of budget allocation and
rationalize investments for the wastewater and water
resources management sectors and
- Promoting opportunities for private sector participation
and public awareness about the state of water
environment.
slide 38: THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
多谢
Duōxiè
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