3 migration patterns occupations

Globalization, Migration Patterns, trends, occupations, and Identities: 

Globalization, Migration Patterns, trends, occupations, and Identities

What is globalization?: 

What is globalization? 'the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away & vice versa' (Anthony Giddens , 1990) ‘the ratio of what is settled to what has traveled has changed everywhere. Ideas, objects, & people from “outside” are now more, and more obviously, present than they have ever been’ ( Appiah , 1998)

What is globalization?: 

What is globalization? Globalization is constituted of global flows of various kinds, especially: Aid & Investment (e.g., FDI, development aid, remittances) Trade – goods & currencies (gt $1 tril/day on currency mkts) Ideas & Cultural products ( McDonalds & MNCs) People–immigrants, refugees, tourists, students, etc. Many other global flows also signify globalization… “Migration is a systemic element in processes of globalization” (Castles 2002)

Three primary driving forces behind the globalization process: . : 

Three primary driving forces behind the globalization process: . Falling transportation costs : i.e. lower amounts of money and time foregone to move goods & people over long distances. Falling trade barriers : i.e. lower tariffs and (in most cases) fewer non-tariff trade impediments. Falling communication costs : i.e. technology that allows ideas to be moved long distances quickly and inexpensively

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality: 

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality Map, land area, 2000 Map, immigrants as % of resident population Map, emigrants as % of resident population Map, internet users, 2002 Map, wealth, 1990 Map, wealth, projected to 2015 Map, “World is Spiky” (R. Florida) Snapshot – global migration

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality: 

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality: 

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality: 

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality: 

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality: 

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality: 

Immigration is Occurring in an Era of Rising Globalization & Global Inequality

Migration Flows, Patterns, and Trends: 

Migration Flows, Patterns, and Trends Kinds of USA migration flows Legal immigrants, refugees and asylees, undocumented immigrants, non-immigrant visas Trends Highest annual number of new entrants during first 2 decades of 20 th century Dropped over next 25 years because of legislation and great depression

Major Legislation Affecting Immigrant Flows: 

Major Legislation Affecting Immigrant Flows Legislation Major provisions Immigration Act of May 19, 1921 National numerical limits according to national origins of white USA population in 1910 Immigration Act of May 26, 1924 Recalibrate national origin limits using 1890 census figures Act of April 29, 1943 Allow temp. agricultural workers from So/ Central America. Legal basis of Bracero program (ended 1964) Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Recodify national limits, separate preference for skilled workers and relatives Refugee Relief Act of 1953 Admitted European refugees from communist countries

Major Legislation Affecting Immigrant Flows (continued): 

Major Legislation Affecting Immigrant Flows (continued) Legislation Major Provisions Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of Oct 3, 1965 Eliminated national race/ethnic quotas Preferences for employment-based skills and family reunification Cuban Refugee Act of Nov. 2 1966 Admitted Cuban refugees after overthrow of Cuban government Immigration Reform and Control Act of Nov. 6 1985 Banned employment of those ineligible to work in USA, provided amnesty for former illegal aliens under certain conditions Immigration Act of Nov. 1990 Instituted 3 preferences for migrants: family-sponsored, employment based, and “diversity” immigrants. Also expanded skilled migration 2001 USA Patriot Act broaden the scope of aliens ineligible for admission or deportable due to terrorist activities or associated with terrorist organizations 2005 Real ID Act Higher burdens/ stricter standards for those applying for asylum. Can restrict immigrants without proof of legality from getting drivers license

Refugees & Asylees: 

Refugees & Asylees After WWII admitted with special status Since WWII, about 3 million refugees and asylees granted lawful permanent residence

Illegal and Undocumented Immigrants: 

Illegal and Undocumented Immigrants May enter legally and stay illegally, or enter illegally Visa over-stays began in 1960s with end of Bracero program Migration often a social process over time from temporary (and often illegal) to permanent ( and often legal)migration status

Non-immigrant Entrants: 

Non-immigrant Entrants Legal, but not permanent School or work visas Tourists Chart: Total Nonimmigrant Admissions, 1990 to 2008

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation: 

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation Common perception of contemporary migration as low-skilled labor flow “Immigrant jobs” low paying, low status In reality, % immigrants w/ college education = to US population % Brain drain Parental schooling and father’s occupational status influences education outcomes of immigrants Demand for low-wage labor in American market

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.): 

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.) Occupation and entrepreneurship Immigrant unemployment vs.. general population

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.): 

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.) NYT article: March 23, 2010 – “Unemployed Immigrants’ As of 2010, Native-born American workers typically make significantly more money than foreign-born workers, median weekly wages of $761 and $602, respectively This differential likely has to do with the types of jobs that immigrants and native-born citizens are more likely to hold. Foreign-born workers are more likely to be in service occupations, Native-born workers are more likely to be employed in management jobs or professional and related occupations. Among workers with higher educational attainment, the gap between the earnings for the foreign-born and native-born narrows. College in particular seems to be a great equalizer:  Immigrant workers with bachelor’s degrees and advanced degrees earn almost as much (99.2 percent) as their native-born peers.

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.): 

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.) Migrant status and wages Permanent immigrants & Temporary permits Undocumented Self-employment High rates of self-employment among immigrants Racism in labor market, opportunity for upward advancement in jobs One of the two ways to “make it” legally in America Salaried professional is other Negative typification in employee selection can be avoided with self-employment Self-employment in ethnic communities and enclaves

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.): 

Migrant Occupations & Economic Adaptation (cont.) “Making it” in America is complex Motivation and abilities only partially responsible for economic and employment wellbeing Also dependent on overall economy, job opportunities, racism, racial expectations in hiring, language skills

Migrant Identities: 

Migrant Identities Ethnic identity vs. assimilation 1 st generation : language barriers possible, often “lack voice” to express selves 2 nd generation: hold on to ethnic identity while also assimilating in terms of language, American cultural understanding Ethnic resiliency uniquely American Seldom reflects linear continuity w/ immigrant culture Emerges in reaction to situation, views, discrimination faced upon arrival

Migrant Identities (cont.): 

Migrant Identities (cont.) Throughout history of migration, migrants come from sending countries w/ different characteristics Stateless nations Divided lands, civil wars, occupied by foreign powers Hostile states Dictatorships oppress population Consolidated, but indifferent, nation-states Neither promote nor acknowledge immigrant’s departure States that support / supervise immigration

Migrant Identities (cont.): 

Migrant Identities (cont.) Diverse interactions w/ sending countries give rise to complex geometry of political concerns among foreign-born May be passionately committed to resolving political issues in sending country Support or oppose existing regime May see self as representative of Nation State abroad May concentrate on building new life in America

Migrant Identities (cont.): 

Migrant Identities (cont.) Immigrant politics early 1900s Migrants seen a threat to welfare of American workers Generalizations about migrant groups Downward mobility even of the educated Racial restrictions and quota’s Because many late 19 th / early 20 th century immigrants intended to return, they aid more attention to sending countries

Migrant Identities (cont.): 

Migrant Identities (cont.) Immigrant politics today Most immigrants come from organized states, and have well-defined national identities Early migrant political concerns often more w/ sending country Especially true for ‘sojourners’ who plan to return to sending country Advent of transnationalism Technology allows daily communication and interaction w/ sending country Emergence of “transnational communities” – suspended between 2 countries Assimilation and transnationalism Transnationalism may slow new loyalties, but evidence shows that many aspects of transnationalism end up accelerating the political integration of immigrants in the USA Political involvement in 1 country leads to political involvement in other Dual nationality/ dual citizenship allows quick transition without feeling of abandoning home land Many organizations aim to instill American political values in other countries

Migrant Identities (cont.): 

Migrant Identities (cont.) Citizenship Acquisition Immigrants can’t effectively make voice heard until citizens Expensive to renew green card Variations by group on citizenship acquisition Proximity of sending country and “reversibility” of migration – Mexico’s low rates Developed / democratic nations of origin may not be as quick to become citizens More education start process sooner

Migrant Identities (cont.): 

Migrant Identities (cont.) Future of immigrant politics Resilient ethnicities Vibrant national loyalties among 2 nd generation Emergent Ethnicities Previous “nationalities” group many groups together “Asian”, “Hispanic” Ethnicity socially constricted Interaction between individual traits and surrounding context Possible that created groups will merge together to create new ethnicities in USA because defined as single entities 2 nd generation more likely to merge

Migrant Identities (cont.): 

Migrant Identities (cont.) Migrants have seldom felt “as American” as everyone else Language and cultural barriers Assimilation has seldom taken place in ways prescribed by ‘natives’ Worry of ‘fragmenting America’ with different cultures instead of acknowledging most groups through history have retained parts of their cultural heritage and background, while still “assimilating” in language