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Welcome to Presentation of Aeroplane

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Contents Introduction History Of aeroplane Classification Of Aircraft Licensing for Driving General Overview of AirBus-380 Flight Control System Safety Precaution 8)Conclusion

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Introduction Definition: Any of the various winged vehicles capable of flight, generally heavier than air and driven by jet engines or propellers. Requirement for an Airplane: The successful airplane would require wings to generate lift, a propulsion system to move it through the air, and a system to control the craft in flight.

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History Of Aeroplane The Wright Brothers (Inventor Of Aeroplanes) Wilbur Wright was born in 1867, in Millville, Indiana. Orville Wright, his brother was born in 1871, in Dayton, Ohio. Struggle for Success In 1899 : Kites and Gliders Which was failure. In 1902 the Wright Brothers were successful with the Gliders After the success they decide to design and construction of power machine. They designed and built a four-cylinder Internal combustion engine.In 1903 December 17 , Wright brothers made the successful flight, covering 120Ft Through the air in 12 sec

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Classification of Airplane There are various types of aircraft that you can find in today’s generation. Helicopters, Twin pistons, Turboprops, Executive jets, Airliners, and Cargo aircrafts. Now these aircrafts or air transportations each have their different types. Before we go into different airplanes used by the airliners, let’s distinguish each of the types of aircrafts one by one

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Helicopters A helicopter is actually a type of aircraft. It’s not like airplanes but similar. It is not suitable for long flights. In fact, it’s a recommended air transfer in between cities only or going from a city to an airport. It’s also a great and convenient way to go to remote destinations. It can seat only a few passengers typically less than 10 passengers

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Twin Pistons Aircraft in the Twin Piston segment are economical aircraft suitable for short distance flights. Aircraft capacity ranging from 3 to 8 passengers.

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Turboprops The Turboprops is the type of aircraft that is great for short to medium distance flights. It is ideal for about 2 to 4 hours of flight. It can seat from around 4 passengers to 70. The Twin Pistons is the next kind of airplane that can seat only up to 8 passengers. It’s ideal for only short distance flights. It’s one of the most economical types of airplanes to ride in.

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Executive Jets This kind of airplane can seat from 4 to 16 passengers. This kind if airplane is recommended for medium to long distance flights. It’s one of the fastest types of passenger airplanes to ride.

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Airliners This is perhaps the most common type of airplane known to public. It’s what the various airlines use in providing air transportation for its customers flying from city to city or country to country. It can seat about 50 up to 400 passengers. The airliner is a large jet aircraft that can be used in short up to long distance flights. As for the types of airliners, there are various types of airplanes to choose from. Although you may know that the most common types of airplanes used by airliners are the Boeing airplanes and the Airbus airplanes.

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Cargo Planes The Cargo Aircraft is an airplane that carries any type of cargo. These types of airplanes carry all sorts of cargo ranging from airplanes that can carry huge amounts of goods to those smaller planes that carry just a few small yet important parts. At the same time, they can also be airplanes transporting goods at short notice

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The Classification of flights are as Follows CLASSIFICATION BY THE METHOD OF LIFT Lighter Than Air-Aerostas Heavier than Air-Aerodynes Fixed wing Craft CLASSIFICATION BY PROPULSION Unpowered Gliders Ballons Kites Powered All which uses fuels for flying. CLASSIFICATION BY USAGE Military Civil a) Commercial b) General Aviation

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Licensing. The Person who Drives the aircraft is called as Pilot and his/her is said a Pilot when passes a test and undergone proper Pilot license. The types of license are Student License The Student is allowed to drive Aeroplane ,Balloon, Glider, Gyroplane, Helicopter, Ultra-Light Airplane. Private Pilot License The person who has his own flight has the eligibility to get the license. This cannot be used for Public transportation. Commercial Pilot License The person is eligibility to drive for the public. He should have undergone test like Landplane rating, Seaplane rating, Multi-engine rating, Multi-engine centre line thrust rating ,Instrument rating ,Second officer rating, Flight instructor rating

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AIRBUS-380

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The Airbus A380 is a double deck ,wide body, four engine airliner manufactured by European Corporation Airbus. The largest airliner in the world ,the A380 made is flight on 27 April 2005 from Toulouse,France.The first commercial flight on 25 October 2007 from Singapore to Sydney with Singapore Airlines. It carried along 825 People. The A380 has a design range of 15,200 Km at a speed of 900 Km/hr.5 numbers of A380 were used for Testing purpose.The fisrt flight is shown in the figure

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Design Overview The A380 was designed to carry 853 Passengers. The A380 Wing is Sized for a maximum Take-off weight over 650 Tones. The fuel Efficiency was raised FLIGHT DECK Cockpit layout was used. This is was similar to other flight. Glass cockpit and Fly-By-wire flight controls linked to Side Sticks. Engine Display and Multifunction display were added feature for A380. The Picture of flight DECK is Show

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Engines The A380 can be fitted with two types of engines. Noise reduction was an important requirement in the A380's design, and particularly affects engine design. The A380 was used to demonstrate the viability of a synthetic fuel comprising standard jet fuel with a natural-gas-derived component. a three hour test flight operated between Britain and France, with one of the A380's four engines using a mix of 60 percent standard jet Kerosend and 40 percent gas to liquid (GTL) fuel .The aircraft needed no modification to use the GTL fuel, which was designed to be mixed with normal jet fuel. Sebastian Remy, head of Airbus SAS's alternative fuel program, said the GTL used was no cleaner in co2 terms than standard fuel but it had local air quality benefits because it contains no sulphur.

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ADVANCED MATERIALS While most of the fuselage is aluminum, composite materials comprise more than 20% of the A380's airframe Carbon-fiber reinforced plastic, Glass fiber reinforced plastic and quartz reinforced plastic are used extensively in wings, fuselage sections (such as the undercarriage and rear end of fuselage), tail surfaces, and doors. The A380 is the first commercial airliner to have a central wing box made of carbon fiber reinforced plastic. It is also the first to have a smoothly contoured wing cross section. The wings of other commercial airliners are partitioned span-wise into sections. This flowing, continuous cross section optimizes aerodynamic efficiency. Thermoplastic are used in the leading edges of the slats The new material GLARE (Glass Reinforced fiber metal laminate) is used in the upper fuselage and on the stabilizers' leading edges. This Aluminum-Glass Fiber laminate is lighter and has better corrosion and impact resistance than conventional aluminum alloys used in aviation. Unlike earlier composite materials, it can be repaired using conventional aluminum repair techniques. Newer wieldable aluminum alloys are also used. This enables the widespread use of laser beam welding manufacturing techniques — eliminating rows of rivets and resulting in a lighter, stronger structure

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Flight Control System The cockpit has many devices associated with flying . The Instrument Panel Engine Monitoring Instruments Compass Air Speed Indicator Altimeter Altitude Indicator Vertical Speed Indicator Auto Pilot System Radios and Navigation Aids Ignition System Flight Data Recorder

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The engine is dependent on fuel, the gasoline gauge is considered a related engine instrument. If pilots are going to attempt to stretch their flight range close to limits, they should be aware of the errors in the gages vs. the actual usable fuel. Some modern single engine aircraft have had the fuel gauge show several gallons remaining, when in reality the tank was empty. Others have indicated a specific number of gallons when filled, but actually the tank held several gallons less than indicated. Some digital equipment can automatically monitor the engine functions and will sound an alarm if anything goes outside preset limits. The instruments of all aircraft operate within a 'normal' range and the operator rapidly becomes adjusted to seeing these. The pilot should be vigilant that engine functions remain within these ranges. An abnormal indication showing on any instrument is immediate cause for concern. Some of the Instruments in engine Monitor function are Ammeter, Cylinderical Temperature Gauge, Exhaust Temperature Gauge, Oil Pressure, Oil Temperature, Vaccum Gauge, Fuel Flow ,Fuel Gauge.

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Compass The compass card has the four cardinal headings shown as N, E, S, and W. Numbers appear every 30 degrees. Long vertical marks occur in 10 degree increments, with intervening short marks at 5 degree points. The compass card containing the magnets are mounted on a small pivot point in the centre of the card assembly. This allows the compass card to rotate and float freely. It is somewhat like suspending a paper cup, upside down, on a pencil point located at the centre of the cup bottom. The enclosure is filled with white kerosene to provide a medium to dampen out some vibration and unwanted oscillations. A "lubber line" in etched on the glass face of the instrument to enable exact reading of the compass.

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Air Speed Indicator This device measures the difference between STATIC pressure (usually from a sensor not in the airstream) and IMPACT pressure (called the stagnation pressure received from an aircraft's PITOT TUBE -- which is in the airstream). When the aircraft is not moving, the pressures are equal (and the airspeed is zero). On takeoff, the on-rushing air will result in a greater pressure in the PITOT TUBE and this difference in pressure from the static sensor can be used to calculate the airspeed (in miles per hour (MPH) or nautical miles per hours (KNOTS)) at which the aircraft is moving through the air.

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Altimeter The sensitive altimeter is the cockpit instrument that indicates the aircraft's altitude. The instrument is a refined aneroid barometer with a dial indicating height above a pre-set level rather than atmospheric pressure. The main component of such instruments is a small, flexible, corrugated metal capsule, from which the air has been partially evacuated, fitted with a metal closure or diaphragm. There is a spring within the capsule, that applies a constant force to the bottom of the diaphragm, while atmospheric static pressure applies a counter force to the top, so that the diaphragm moves as atmospheric pressure changes. The movement of the pressure sensing capsule is transferred and magnified, via a mechanical linkage or piezo-quartz component, to a dial pointer or pointers, or a digital display, which indicate the altitude reading. The static pressure is drawn from the aircraft's static vent, which may induce slight position errors due to aerodynamic effects around the vent.

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Vertical Speed Indicator The vertical speed indicator (VSI) or vertical velocity indicator indicates whether the aircraft is climbing, descending, or in level flight. The rate of climb or descent is indicated in feet per minute. If properly calibrated, this indicator will register zero in level flight. The VSI is in a sealed case connected to the static line through a calibrated leak (restricted diffuser). Inside the case, a diaphragm attached to the pointer by a system of linkages is vented to the static line without restrictions.

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Auto Pliot System This features enabales the Pilot to take care the control in Auto.The main advantage of this sytem is the pilot will have to monitor the function,rather than operating the system. Ignition System The function of the ignition system is to provide an electrical spark to ignite the fuel/air mixture in the cylinders. The ignition system of the engine is completely separate from the airplane's electrical system. The magneto type ignition system is used on most reciprocating aircraft engines. Magnetos are engine driven self-contained units supplying electrical current without using an external source of current. Radio Coomunication System This enable the Pilot to have the contact with the Ground for smooth running of airplane.

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Flight Data Recorder FDR is also ADR, for( accident data recorder) is a kind of flight recorder. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit Voice Recorder(CVR), which records conversation in the Cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others (including conversation with Air traffic Control Personnel), as well as ambient sounds. In some cases, both functions have been combined into a single unit. Popularly referred to as a “BLACK BOX," the data recorded by the FDR is used for accident investigation, as well as for analyzing air safety issues, material Degradation and engine performance. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire. Contrary to the "black box" reference, the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat-resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft's tail section, where it is more likely to survive a severe crash. FDR and Voice Recorder FDR

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Safety Precaution to passengers 1. Before you are flying Before booking a flight, a lot of people want to know if the airline they are going to fly with is a safe one. However it's very difficult to say if an airline is 'safe' or 'unsafe' just by looking at fatal accident statistics. Thus, a ranking of airlines by for example fatalities per passengerkilometer flown does not say anything about the safety of the airlines listed. Apart from the fact that there are, luckily, too few fatal accidents to serve as a basis for reliable statistics, safety not always depend on the airline itself. Other factors could include the environment an airline operates in (mountainous terrain or frequent storms) and factors like airport security in cases of hijackings, bombing attempts etc. 2. During the flight On board the aircraft there are some things you have to remember, a.o. to: Pay attention to the flightcrew safety demonstration/video Carefully read the safety briefing card Know where the nearest emergency exit is and know how to open it in case of emergency (refer to the safety briefing card). Always keep your seatbelt fastened when in your seat (Clear Air Turbulence can be unexpected and can cause serious injuries)

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3) Don't Bring Any Hazardous Material There are rather long lists of hazardous materials that are not allowed, but common sense should tell you that you shouldn't bring gasoline, corrosives, poisonous gases, and other such items on the aircraft unless they were allowed by the airline and shipped in a proper container. 4) Let the Flight Attendant Pour Your Hot Drinks Flight attendants are trained to handle hot drinks like coffee or tea in a crowded aisle on a moving aircraft, so allow them to pour the drink and hand it too you. 5)Don't Drink Too Much The atmosphere in an airliner cabin is pressurized to about the same altitude as Denver, so any alcohol you consume will affect you more strongly than at sea level. Moderation is a good policy at any altitude. 6)Keep Your Wits About You In the unlikely event that you are involved in an emergency situation such as a precautionary emergency evacuation, follow the directions of the flight attendants and flight crew and exit the aircraft as quickly as possible

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CONCLUSION It is about General Knowledge A fear of flying is a fear of being on an airplane(aeroplane), or other flying vehicle, such as a helicopter, while in flight. It is also sometimes referred to as aerophobia, aviatophobia, aviophobia or pteromerhanophobia List Of Airlines in the world

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