Dev_Psych_2_1

Chapter 2: Infancy : 

Chapter 2: Infancy Module 2.1 Physical Developmentin Infancy

Looking Ahead : 

Looking Ahead How do the human body and nervous system develop? Does the environment affect the pattern of development? What developmental tasks must infants accomplish in this period? What is the role of nutrition in physical development? What sensory capabilities do infants possess? 85

GROWTH AND STABILITY : 

GROWTH AND STABILITY

Physical Growth : 

Physical Growth Rapid growth during first two years 87

An Interesting Head Count : 

An Interesting Head Count

Are there gender and ethnic differences in infant weight and length? : 

Are there gender and ethnic differences in infant weight and length?

Principles of Growth : 

Principles of Growth Cephalocaudal principle Proximodistal principle Principle of hierarchical integration Principle of independence of systems 86

Nervous System and Brain : 

Nervous System and Brain Nervous system comprises the brain and the nerves that extend throughout the body Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system 87

Quick Check : 

Quick Check Neurons Dendrites Axons Neurotransmitters Synapses 87

A Bit about Brains : 

A Bit about Brains

Slide 11: 

The Brain Stem

Slide 12: 

The Brain Stem (cont.)

Slide 13: 

The Brain Stem (cont.)

Slide 14: 

The Brain Stem (cont.)

Slide 15: 

The Limbic System

Slide 16: 

The Cerebral Cortex

Major Systems of the Brain : 

Major Systems of the Brain Brain stem Limbic system Cerebral cortex

How great brains grow! : 

How great brains grow! Birth: 100-200 billion neurons Relatively few neurons-neuron connections During first two years: Billions of new connections established and become more complex 88

Use it or lose it! : 

Use it or lose it! Synaptic pruning Unused neurons are eliminated Allows established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons Development of nervous system proceeds most effectively through loss of cells Myelin 88

Form and Function: Brain Growth : 

Form and Function: Brain Growth Neurons reposition themselves with growth, becoming arranged by function Cerebral cortex Subcortical levels 89

Don’t shake the baby! : 

Don’t shake the baby! Shaken Baby Syndrome Brain sensitive to form forms of injury Shaking can lead to brain rotation within skull Blood vessels tearsevere medical problems, long-term disabilities, and sometimes death 89

Environmental Influences on Brain Development : 

Environmental Influences on Brain Development Plasticity Sensitive period 89

Do Baby Einstein programs really work? : 

Do Baby Einstein programs really work?

What do babies do all day? : 

What do babies do all day? Life Cycles of Infancy Wake Sleep Eat Defecate 89

Rhythms and States : 

Rhythms and States State One of major body rhythms Degree of awareness infant displays to both internal and external stimulation Change in state alters amount of stimulation required to get infant’s attention 90

Sleep: Perchance to Dream : 

Sleep: Perchance to Dream Major state 16-17 hours daily (average); wide variations Different than adult sleep 2 hour spurts; periods of wakefulness Cyclic pattern By 16 weeks sleep about 6 continuous hours; by 1 year sleep through night (See table 2-2) 90-91

Table 2-2 : 

Table 2-2

Everybody Sleeps : 

Everybody Sleeps

REM Sleep : 

REM Sleep Period of active sleep Closed eyes begin to move in a back-and-forth pattern Takes up around one-half of infant sleep May provide means for brain to stimulate itself through autostimulation 91

Do babies dream? : 

Do babies dream?

Did you find examples in the text that suggest that cultural practices affect infants’ sleep patterns? : 

Did you find examples in the text that suggest that cultural practices affect infants’ sleep patterns?

SIDS : 

SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome Leading cause of death in children under 1 year of age Back-to-sleep guidelines (AAP) Differential risk Boys African American infants Low birthweight Low APGAR scores Mother’s smoking Some brain defects Child abuse 92

Declining Rates of SIDS : 

Declining Rates of SIDS 92

SIDS is found in children of every race and socioeconomic group and in children who have had no apparent health problems : 

SIDS is found in children of every race and socioeconomic group and in children who have had no apparent health problems Back-to-sleep is important! 92

Review and Apply : 

Review and Apply REVIEW The major principles of growth are the cephalocaudal principle, the proximodistal principle, the principle of hierarchical integration, and the principle of the independence of systems. The development of the nervous system first entails the development of billions of neurons and interconnections among them. Later, the numbers of both neurons and connections decrease as a result of the infant’s experiences. 93

Review and Apply : 

Review and Apply REVIEW Babies integrate their individual behaviors by developing rhythms—repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior. 93

Review and Apply : 

Review and Apply APPLY What evolutionary advantage could there be for infants to be born with more nerve cells than they actually need or use? How might our understanding of synaptic “pruning” affect the way we treat infants? 93

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT : 

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT

Reflexes: Inborn Physical Skills : 

Reflexes: Inborn Physical Skills Reflexes: learned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in presence of certain stimuli 93

A Closer Look at Reflexes : 

A Closer Look at Reflexes

What did you see? : 

What did you see? Take two minutes to list the reflexes you saw in the clip.

Why do reflexes come and go? : 

Why do reflexes come and go?

Ethnic and Cultural Differences and Similarities in Reflexes : 

Ethnic and Cultural Differences and Similarities in Reflexes Reflexes Genetically determined Universal Cultural variations in ways displayed Moro reflex Serves Diagnostic tool Social function Survival function 94

Motor Development in Infancy : 

Motor Development in Infancy Milestones of Normal Motor Development 96

Motor Development in Infancy : 

Motor Development in Infancy Fine Motor Skills 96

Developmental Norms : 

Developmental Norms Comparing Individual to Group Norms: Represent the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age. Permit comparisons between a particular child’s performance on a particular behavior and the average performance of the children in the norm sample. Must be interpreted with caution. Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS) 96

Developmental DiversityCultural Dimensions of Motor Development : 

Developmental DiversityCultural Dimensions of Motor Development Using information from page 97 in your text, answer the following: 97 Does earlier emergence of a basic motor behavior in a given culture has lasting consequences for specific motor skills and for achievements in other domains?

Nutrition in Infancy : 

Nutrition in Infancy Fueling Motor Development Without proper nutrition, infants cannot reach physical potential and may suffer cognitive and social consequences Infants differ in growth rates, body composition, metabolism, and activity levels 98

So what is a healthy caloric allotment for infants? : 

So what is a healthy caloric allotment for infants? About 50 calories per day for each pound of weight Most infants regulate their caloric intake quite effectively on their own If are allowed consume as much they seem to want, and not pressured to eat more, they will be healthy 98

Malnutrition : 

Malnutrition Children living in many developing countries Slower growth rate Chronically malnourished during infancy = later lower IQ score 98

Are problems of malnourishment restricted to developing countries? : 

Are problems of malnourishment restricted to developing countries?

When Malnutrition Is Severe : 

When Malnutrition Is Severe Maramus Kwashiorkor 98

Nonorganic Failure to Thrive : 

Nonorganic Failure to Thrive Sufficient nutrition Symptoms Reversal 99

“A fat babyis a healthy baby”? : 

“A fat babyis a healthy baby”? 99

So… : 

So… If you were to advise new parents on the right and wrong foods to offer their newborn child, what would you them?

Is Breast Best? : 

Is Breast Best?

Introducing Solid Foods: When and What? : 

Introducing Solid Foods: When and What? Solids can be started at 6 months but are not needed until 9 to 12 months (AAFP) Introduced gradually, one at a time Cerealstrained fruits 100

Review and Apply : 

Review and Apply 101 REVIEW Reflexes are universal, genetically acquired physical behaviors. During infancy children reach a series of milestones in their physical development on a fairly consistent schedule, with some individual and cultural variations.

Review and ApplyREVIEW : 

Review and ApplyREVIEW 101 Nutrition strongly affects physical development. The advantages of breast-feeding are numerous.

Review and Apply : 

Review and Apply 101 APPLY What advice might you give a friend who is concerned that her infant is still not walking at 14 months, when every other baby she knows started walking by the first birthday?

Learning the World : 

Learning the World Sensation Perception 101

Visual Perception: Seeing the World : 

Visual Perception: Seeing the World Newborn’s distance vision ranges from 20/200 to 20/600 By 6 months, average infant’s vision is already 20/20 Other visual abilities grow rapidly Binocular vision Depth perception 102

Infant Visual Preference : 

Infant Visual Preference Preferences that are present from birth Genetically preprogrammed to prefer particular kinds of stimuli Prefer to look at patterned over simpler stimuli 102

Auditory Perception: The World of Sound : 

Auditory Perception: The World of Sound Infants Hear before birth and have good auditory perception after they are born Are more sensitive to certain frequencies Reach adult accuracy in sound localization by age 1 Can discriminate groups of different sounds React to changes in musical key and rhythm Can discriminate many language related sounds 103

Smell and Taste in a Small World : 

Smell and Taste in a Small World Smell Well developed at birth Helps in recognition of mother early in life Taste Have innate sweet tooth Show facial disgust at bitter taste Develop preferences based on what mother ate during pregnancy 103

The Power of Touch : 

The Power of Touch Touch is one of most highly developed sensory systems in a newborn Even youngest infants respond to gentle touches Several of the basic reflexes present at birth require touch sensitivity to operate 104

Multimodal Perception: Combining Individual Sensory Inputs : 

Multimodal Perception: Combining Individual Sensory Inputs New area of study in infant research Some researchers argue that sensations are initially integrated with one another in the infant Others maintain that infant’s sensory systems are initially separate and that brain development leads to increasing integration 104

What are affordances? : 

What are affordances? Perceptible affordances Exist where information on actions that are afforded are perceptible These are dependent on language, culture, context, and experience and vary for different individuals 105

Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development : 

Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development Exercising Your Infant’s Body and Senses Attempts to accelerate physical and sensory-perceptual development yield little success Yet Infants need sufficient physical and sensory stimulation 105

How can this be accomplished? : 

How can this be accomplished? Carry a baby in different Let infants explore their environment Engage in “rough-and-tumble” play Let babies touch their food and even play with it Provide toys that stimulate the senses, particularly toys that can stimulate more than one sense at a time 105

Review and Apply : 

Review and Apply REVIEW Infants’ sensory abilities are surprisingly well developed at or shortly after birth. Their perceptions help them explore and begin to make sense of the world. Very early, infants can see depth and motion, distinguish colors and patterns, localize and discriminate sounds, and recognize the sound and smell of their mothers. Infants are sensitive to pain and touch, and most medical authorities now subscribe to procedures, including anesthesia, that minimize infants’ pain. 106