Toulmin’s Model Advanced :
Toulmin’s Model Advanced Data/
Evidence/
Grounds Warrant/
Reasoning Claim Modality Rebuttal Backing
Slide 3:
Warrants and Backing- the reasoning that permits the inferential leap between data/evidence and claim.
Backing- (secondary claim)- support for the warrant-
Slide 4:
Modality- degree of certainty (probably, possibly, apparently, likely)
Rebuttals- exceptions to the claim, intervening factors
Slide 5:
Example—
The Steelers will probably win the Superbowl(claim/modality).
Unless Kurt Warner has the game of his life (rebuttal), the team with the best defense has won in the past few years(backing).
The Steelers have the better defense(grounds).
Experts agree defense usually wins championships. (Warrant/Backing/Modality)
Practice :
It is time for you to start working on your term paper.
Your term paper will take about one month to complete.
It took me one month to complete my term paper.
You and I work at about the same pace.
Unless you don’t care about your grade as much as I do. Practice