cholera- andrew breaugh

CHOLERA:

CHOLERA Andrew Breaugh

Background Information on Cholera:

Background Information on Cholera Infection of the small intestine Caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae Been around for hundreds of years Big problem in developing countries If left untreated, cholera can kill a man in a matter of hours

Dr. John Snow:

Dr. John Snow Found a link between cholera and contaminated drinking water in Proposed a microbial origin for epidemic cholera in 1849 Ideas were eventually accepted as microbiology developed over the next 30 years

Symptoms of Cholera:

Symptoms of Cholera Vomiting Diarrhea Dehydration Electrolyte imbalances Low blood pressure Sunken eyes Rapid pulse

Fatality Rate:

Fatality Rate If Untreated: <1% If Treated: 50-60%

Treatments:

Treatments Oral Rehydration Therapy Electrolytes Antibiotics

World Wide Problem:

World Wide Problem Cholera affects 3-5 million people every year 100,000 to 130,000 people will die every year as a result of cholera Children are most susceptible to disease Ages 2-4 have highest infection rate Blood type O is most susceptible to infection

Cholera Immunity:

Cholera Immunity Studies have shown that people that are carriers of cystic fibrosis are more resistant to cholera infections than people that are not carriers CARRIERS

Origin of Cholera:

Origin of Cholera Originated somewhere in the Indian subcontinent Prevalent in Ganges delta since ancient times Spread to Russia by trade routes in 1817

Cholera in the United States:

Cholera in the United States Affected people on Oregon Trail Water became contaminated because of the lack of sanitation systems Between the years of 1849 and 1855, between 6,000 and 12,000 died from cholera

1st Cholera Pandemic:

1 st Cholera Pandemic Started in Bengal in 1816, lasted 10 years Spread across India by 1820 Killed 10,000 British soldiers and 50,000 Indians Spread to China, Indonesia, and the Caspian Sea Killed 100,000 people on an island in Indonesia

2nd Cholera Pandemic:

2 nd Cholera Pandemic Started in Russia, Hungary, Germany, England, and France Killed 100,000 in Hungary, 100,000 in France, 55,000 in England, and 20,000 in the city of Paris Spread to Egypt in 1831 and killed 150,000 Ended in 1851

3rd Cholera Pandemic:

3 rd Cholera Pandemic Began in 1852 in Russia 1 million Russians were killed Killed 150,000 in Tokyo, Japan Spread to the Middle East

4th Cholera Pandemic:

4 th Cholera Pandemic Began in 1863 in Europe and Africa Killed 30,000 people that were making their pilgrimage to Mecca Killed 70,000 people in Zanzibar in the year 1869 Lasted 12 years

5th Cholera Pandemic:

5 th Cholera Pandemic Began in 1881 in Europe, the Americas, and Asia Killed 250,000 in Europe and 50,000 in the Americas 270,000 died in Russia in 1892 alone Lasted 15 years

6th Cholera Pandemic:

6 th Cholera Pandemic Began in 1899 in Russia, the Ottoman Empire, the Philippines, and India 500,000 died in Russia, 200,000 in the Ottoman Empire, 200,000 in the Philippines, and 800,000 in India Lasted 24 years

7th Cholera Pandemic:

7 th Cholera Pandemic Began in Indonesia in 1961 Spread to Bangladesh, India, the USSR, North Africa, Italy, and Japan This pandemic still continues in developing countries Because it has not ended, death totals not available

Notable Outbreaks:

Notable Outbreaks Haiti, 2010 Earthquake and hurricane months apart resulted in standing water Cholera spread quickly, killing 1,000 and hospitalized 16,700 more

Cholera Cases:

Cholera Cases Number of reported cases in 2009 rose 16% from the year before There were 221,226 reported cases 4,946 of the reported cases died 99% of cholera-related deaths occurred in Africa

Cases and Deaths by Country:

Cases and Deaths by Country Zimbabwe had the most out of any country in 2009: 68,183 cases and 2,706 deaths Afghanistan had the most in Asia: 662 cases and 11 deaths United Kingdom had the most in Europe: 16 cases and 0 deaths United States lead North America with 10 cases and no deaths

Responding to Cholera:

Responding to Cholera Current response is reactive; more of an emergency response Doesn’t prevent cases of cholera, just prevents more deaths In order to combat cholera, there must be sustained development There must be travel and trade sanctions

Precautions in the U.S.:

Precautions in the U.S. Government is working to enhance surveillance for cholera, investigate outbreaks, and design preventive measures across the world CDC always investigates epidemic cholera CDC provides information on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cholera

Works Cited:

Works Cited 1. Bompangue, Didier, et al. "Lakes as source of cholera outbreaks, Democratic Republic of Congo." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14.5 (2008): 798+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 2. Chatterjee, Patralekha. "High hopes for oral cholera vaccine: a trial of a new oral cholera vaccine in Kolkata is promising but, as Patralekha Chatterjee reports, a vaccine is only one weapon in the battle against the disease." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88.3 (2010): 165+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010.

Slide 24:

3. De, S.N., and D.N. Chatterje. "An experimental study of the mechanism of action of vibrio cholerae on the intestinal mucous membrane." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88.3 (2010): 239+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 4. Hug, Alois. "Inside Zimbabwe's cholera epidemic." CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 180.3 (2009): 285+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 5. Joshi, Rajinder M., and M. John Albert. "Hybrid El Tor Vibrio cholerae O1 , Kuwait." Emerging Infectious Diseases 15.11 (2009): 1879+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 6. Longini, Ira M., Jr., et al. "Controlling endemic cholera with oral vaccines." Pl o S Medicine 4.11 (2007): 1776+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 7. Nair, G. Balakrish, and Jai P. Narain. "From endotoxin to exotoxin: De's rich legacy to cholera." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88.3 (2010): 237+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010.

Slide 25:

8. Osborne, John B. "Preparing for the pandemic: city boards of health and the arrival of cholera in Montreal, New York, and Philadelphia in 1832." Urban History Review 36.2 (2008): 29+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 9. Safa, Ashrafus, et al. " Vibrio cholerae O1 Hybrid El Tor strains, Asia and Africa." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14.6 (2008): 987+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 10. Sithivong, Noikaseumsy, et al. "Cholera outbreak, Laos, 2007." Emerging Infectious Diseases 16.4 (2010): 745+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 11. "Cholera gene swap." Nature 461.7261 (2009): 148+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. 12. "The medical and social impact of cholera in the 19th century and beyond." Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 80.2 (2009): 150+. General OneFile. Web. 28 Oct. 2010.